Bacterial delivery vehicles comprising tracer nucleic acid sequences

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates generally to genetically tagged bacterial delivery vehicles comprising unique tracer nucleic acid sequences (herein referred to as “tracers”) for use in detecting and/or quantitating the presence of two or more different said bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture of vehicles. The present disclosure relates to methods wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are detected through, for example, performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to sequences within the unique tracer. Such methods can be advantageously used in quality control to detect and quantitate mixtures of bacterial delivery vehicles within a pharmaceutical composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/905,656, filed Jun. 18, 2020, which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/863,155, filed Jun. 18, 2019, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED VIA EFS-WEB

This application includes an electronically submitted sequence listing in .txt format. The .txt file contains a sequence listing entitled “2643-9_ST25.txt” created on Jul. 7, 2020 and is 21,938 bytes in size. The sequence listing contained in this .txt file is part of the specification and is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to genetically tagged bacterial delivery vehicles comprising unique tracer nucleic acid sequences (herein referred to as “tracers”) for use in detecting and/or quantitating the presence of two or more different said bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture of vehicles. The present disclosure relates to methods wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are detected through, for example, performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to sequences within the unique tracer. Such methods can be advantageously used in quality control to detect and quantitate mixtures of bacterial delivery vehicles within a pharmaceutical composition.

BACKGROUND

Bacterial delivery vehicles, such as packaged phagemids, are bacteriophage derived particles composed of a DNA nucleic acid payload of interest packaged in a bacteriophage-derived capsid. The capsid being the major host range determinant, bacterial delivery vehicles are subject to similar host range limitations as bacteriophages, such that different bacterial delivery vehicles with complementary host ranges may be combined in a multivalent final drug product (a drug product with multiple target cell specificity) to achieve clinical efficacy. Accordingly, approaches using bacteriophage based bacterial delivery vehicles, for use as anti-microbials, may rely on cocktail formulations, where multiple phages with different host ranges are combined and administered as a mixture to a subject to maximize the clinical efficacy through targeting the maximal number of clinically relevant bacterial strains. In such instances, the different bacterial delivery vehicles of the final composition mixture have different capsids with varied host range and/or binding specificities while containing the same DNA or a different DNA (see FIG. 1 ).

From a regulatory standpoint, it is necessary to characterize the composition of a drug product before its administration to a subject. Notably, for drug products composed of mixtures of different drug substances, the presence and quantity of each drug substance in the final product must be confirmed. For example, the presence and quantity of each bacterial delivery vehicle within a pharmaceutical composition for use in treatment of a subject must be assessed in the final product and compliant with the specifications set for the drug. Accordingly, methods are needed to detect the presence and quantity of different bacterial delivery vehicles within a pharmaceutical composition for regulatory purposes.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates generally to methods for genetically tagging bacterial delivery vehicles for use in detecting the presence of two or more different (e.g. dissimilar in structure) bacterial delivery vehicles (herein referred to as a “multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles”) within a sample. Each of the different bacterial delivery vehicles may be dissimilar, for example, through their distinct bacterial cell binding capability and/or their distinct host range and/or through inclusion of a different nucleic acid payload within said vehicle. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles to be detected comprise a desired nucleic acid payload which additionally contains a unique tracer that can be detected through, for example, performance of cycles of amplification. Such methods can be advantageously used in quality control of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a multivalent bacterial delivery vehicle mixture.

In one aspect, bacterial delivery vehicles are provided wherein the bacterial delivery vehicle are engineered to bind to a target cell, such as a bacterial cell, and comprises a nucleic acid payload having a unique tracer embedded within the nucleic acid payload. In another aspect, a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles is provided comprising two or more different bacterial delivery vehicles, wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload having a unique tracer nucleic acid sequence.

In one embodiment, each of the different bacterial delivery vehicles in a multivalent mixture comprises an identical nucleic acid payload, with the exception of having a unique tracer, associated with the identical payload. In another embodiment, each of the different bacterial delivery vehicles in a multivalent mixture comprises a different nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer associated with each of the different payloads. Linking of a unique tracer to a packaged nucleic acid payload allows one to identify and quantitate the associated bacterial delivery vehicle (herein referred to as “cognate bacterial delivery vehicle”) into which the tagged DNA nucleic acid payload is packaged.

In some embodiments, the tracer comprises no more than 20 nucleotides homology stretch with the DNA of the bacterial production strain and/or the DNA of the target bacterial cell.

In an embodiment, the tracer comprises a barcode. In particular, the tracer may comprise a constant region and a barcode. In particular, the tracer may comprise a barcode flanked on each side by a constant region. The barcode and/or the constant region may be between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long.

The tracer may be embedded in a non-coding region or in a coding region. In embodiments wherein the tracer is embedded in a coding region, the tracer may comprise altered codon usage while encoding a protein with an unaltered amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, bacterial delivery vehicles contained in the multivalent mixture are bacteriophage derived scaffolds.

Methods are provided for detecting and/or quantitating bacterial delivery vehicles in a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles through detection of the unique tracer that correlates with the presence of a specific bacterial delivery vehicle. Said method comprises the step of detecting and, optionally, quantitating each of the bacterial delivery vehicles within a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles through performance of cycles of amplification using primers that bind to nucleic acid sequences within the tracer sequence. Alternatively or additionally, the method may comprise the step of detecting and, optionally, quantitating in total the bacterial delivery vehicles within a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles through performance of cycles of amplification using primers that bind to nucleic acid sequences within the tracer sequence. Such amplification methods include, for example, PCR, qPCR, ddPCR, LCR, FISH or NGS.

Additionally, methods are provided for detecting and tracking bacterial delivery vehicles following administration of a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles to a subject wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload having a unique tracer. The method comprises the step of detecting and quantitating each of the different bacterial delivery vehicles within a subject derived sample through, for example, performance of cycles of amplification using primers that bind to nucleic acid sequences within the tracer. Amplification of the specific tracer sequences is then correlated with the presence of a specific bacterial delivery vehicle within the subject sample. Alternatively or additionally, the method may comprise the step of detecting and, optionally, quantitating in total the bacterial delivery vehicles within a sample derived from said subject, through performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to the unique tracer nucleic acid sequence. Such amplification methods include, for example, PCR, qPCR, ddPCR or NGS.

In the methods provided herein, the unique tracer may have a constant region to which primers can bind for initiation of an amplification reaction, and thus the method may comprise detecting and, optionally, quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the constant region of the tracer sequence. Optionally, the unique tracer may further comprise variable sequences to which primers can bind for amplification and the method may further comprise a distinct amplification reaction or a second amplification reaction which uses primer binding to the variable sequences for an amplification method.

The unique tracer may comprise a variable region to which primers can bind for amplification, and thus the method may comprise detecting and, optionally, quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the variable region of the tracer sequence.

In the methods provided herein, each bacterial delivery vehicle may comprise a nucleic acid payload with an identical sequence with the exception of the tracer. Alternatively, each bacterial delivery vehicle may comprise a nucleic acid payload with different sequence and a different tracer associated with each different payload.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the tracer comprises no more than 20 nucleotides homology stretch with the DNA of the bacterial production strain and/or the DNA of the target bacterial cell.

In the methods provided herein, the tracer may comprise a barcode. In particular, the tracer may comprise a constant region and a barcode and more particularly a barcode flanked on each side by a constant region. In an embodiment, the barcode and/or the constant region are between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long.

In the methods provided herein, the tracer may be embedded in a non-coding region or in a coding region. In embodiments wherein the tracer is embedded in a coding region, the tracer may comprise altered codon usage while encoding a protein with an unaltered amino acid.

The present disclosure also provides a bacterial delivery vehicle as defined above, i.e. a bacterial delivery vehicle comprising a nucleic acid payload having a tracer nucleic acid sequence, as well as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a multivalent mixture of the invention.

The present disclosure also relates to a bacterial delivery vehicle or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder caused by bacteria. In an embodiment, the disease or disorder caused by bacteria is selected from the group consisting of infections caused by bacteria, metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, and pathologies involving bacteria of the human microbiome.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference to the drawings, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 demonstrates advantages of a mixture of phagemid particles containing unique DNA tracers in their DNA nucleic acid payload in the context of a drug application.

FIG. 2 depicts design and implementation of DNA tracers within non-coding DNA sequences of the DNA nucleic acid payload.

FIG. 3 depicts design and implementation of DNA within synonymous coding DNA sequences of the DNA nucleic acid payload.

FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO: 19) depicts representation of codon possibilities for the 10 amino acid segment AA40-49 in the TEM-1 beta-lactamase example.

FIG. 5 represents a schematic of plasmid backbone pAK272B, location of the barcode region and corresponding primers.

FIG. 6 represents number of each plasmid copies detected per μl from a mixture of different plasmids comprising each a different barcode.

FIG. 7 represents number of each plasmid copies detected from the plasmid mixture extracted from in-vivo transduced bacteria.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates generally to methods for genetically tagging bacterial delivery vehicles, with desired structural features, for use in detecting the presence of two or more different bacterial delivery vehicles within a multivalent mixture of delivery vehicles. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles to be detected comprise a desired nucleic acid nucleic acid payload of interest which additionally contains unique tracer nucleotide sequences that can be detected through performance of cycles of amplification.

In one aspect, a bacterial delivery vehicle is provided wherein the bacterial delivery vehicle has desired structural features, for example, specific target cell binding and/or host range, and comprises a nucleic acid payload having an embedded unique tracer nucleic acid sequence. In another aspect, a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles is provided comprising two or more different bacterial delivery vehicles, wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid nucleic acid payload having a unique tracer nucleic acid sequence.

The bacterial delivery vehicles provided herein enable transfer of a nucleic acid payload, encoding a protein or nucleic acid of interest, into a desired target bacterial host cell. The bacteria targeted by bacterial delivery vehicles can be any bacteria present in a mammal organism. It can be any commensal, symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria of the microbiota or microbiome. Microbiota may comprise a variety of bacterial species, any of which may be targeted in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the genus and/or species of targeted bacterial cells may depend on the type of bacteriophages being used for preparing the bacterial delivery vehicles. For example, some bacteriophages exhibit tropism for, or preferentially target, specific host species of bacteria. Other bacteriophages do not exhibit such tropism and may be used to target a number of different genus and/or species of endogenous bacterial cells. In a preferred embodiment, the target bacterial host cell is a cell of a microbiome. In a more preferred embodiment, the target bacterial host cell is a cell of the skin microbiome, the gut microbiome, the lung microbiome, the mouth microbiome.

As used herein, the term “delivery vehicle” refers to any means that allows the transfer of a nucleic acid payload into a bacterium. There are several types of delivery vehicles encompassed by the present invention including, without limitation, bacteriophage scaffold, virus scaffold, chemical based delivery vehicle (e.g., cyclodextrin, calcium phosphate, cationic polymers, cationic liposomes), protein-based or peptide-based delivery vehicle, lipid-based delivery vehicle, nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles, non-chemical-based delivery vehicles (e.g., transformation, electroporation, sonoporation, optical transfection), particle-based delivery vehicles (e.g., gene gun, magnetofection, impalefection, particle bombardment, cell-penetrating peptides) or donor bacteria (conjugation). Any combination of delivery vehicles is also encompassed by the present invention. The delivery vehicle can refer to a bacteriophage derived scaffold and can be obtained from a natural, evolved or engineered capsid. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is the nucleic acid payload as bacteria are naturally competent to take up a nucleic acid payload from the environment on their own. In some embodiments, bacterial delivery vehicles are bacteriophage derived particles composed of a DNA nucleic acid payload of interest packaged in a bacteriophage-derived capsid.

The bacteriophage derived particles may be prepared from bacterial viruses. The bacterial viruses are chosen in order to be able to introduce the nucleic acid payload into the targeted bacteria.

Bacterial viruses are, for example, bacteriophages. Bacteriophage are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply inside bacteria by co-opting some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery. Phage genomes come in a variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., linear or circular). Most phages range in size from 24-200 nm in diameter. Phages contain nucleic acid (i.e., genome) and proteins, and may be enveloped by a lipid membrane. Depending upon the phage, the nucleic acid genome can be either DNA or RNA and can exist in either circular or linear forms. The size of the phage genome varies depending upon the phage. The simplest phages have genomes that are only a few thousand nucleotides in size, while the more complex phages may contain more than 100,000 nucleotides in their genome, and in rare instances more than 1,000,000. The number and amount of individual types of protein in phage particles will vary depending upon the phage.

Optionally, the bacteriophage is selected from the Order Caudovirales consisting of, based on the taxonomy of Krupovic et al, Arch Virol, 2015:

-   -   family Myoviridae (such as, without limitation, genus         Cp220virus, Cp8virus, Ea214virus, Felixolvirus, Mooglevirus,         Suspvirus, Hp1virus, P2virus, Kayvirus, P100virus, Silviavirus,         Spo1virus, Tsarbombavirus, Twortvirus, Cc31virus, Jd18virus,         Js98virus, Kp15virus, Moonvirus, Rb49virus, Rb69virus, S16virus,         Schizot4virus, Sp18virus, T4virus, Cr3virus, Se1virus, V5virus,         Abouovirus, Agatevirus, Agrican357virus, Ap22virus, Arv1virus,         B4virus, Bastillevirus, Bc431virus, Bcep78virus, Bcepmuvirus,         Biquartavirus, Bxz1virus, Cd119virus, Cp51virus, Cvm10virus,         Eah2virus, Elvirus, Hapunavirus, Jimmervirus, Kpp10virus,         M12virus, Machinavirus, Marthavirus, Msw3virus, Muvirus,         Myohalovirus, Nitivirus, Plvirus, Pakpunavirus, Pbunavirus,         Phikzvirus, Rheph4virus, Rs12virus, Rslunavirus, Secunda5virus,         Sep1virus, Spn3virus, Svunavirus, Tglvirus, Vhm1virus and         Wphvirus),     -   family Podoviridae (such as, without limitation, genus Fr1virus,         Kp32virus, Kp34virus, Phikmvvirus, Pradovirus, Sp6virus,         T7virus, Cp1virus, P68virus, Phi29virus, Nona33virus, Pocjvirus,         Tl2011virus, Bcep22virus, Bpp1virus, Cba41virus, Dfl12virus,         Ea92virus, Epsilon15virus, F116virus, G7cvirus, Jwalphavirus,         Kf1virus, Kpp25virus, Lit1virus, Luz24virus, Luz7virus, N4virus,         Nonanavirus, P22virus, Pagevirus, Phieco32virus, Prtbvirus,         Sp58virus, Una961virus and Vp5virus),     -   family Siphoviridae (such as, without limitation, genus         Camvirus, Likavirus, R4virus, Acadianvirus, Coopervirus,         Pg1virus, Pipefishvirus, Rosebushvirus, Brujitavirus,         Che9cvirus, Hawkeyevirus, Plotvirus, Jerseyvirus, K1gvirus,         Sp31virus, Lmd1virus, Una4virus, Bongovirus, Reyvirus,         Buttersvirus, Charlievirus, Redivirus, Baxtervirus,         Nymphadoravirus, Bignuzvirus, Fishburnevirus, Phayoncevirus,         Kp36virus, Roguelvirus, Rtpvirus, T1virus, Tlsvirus, Ab18virus,         Amigovirus, Anatolevirus, Andromedavirus, Attisvirus,         Barnyardvirus, Bernal13virus, Biseptimavirus, Bronvirus,         C2virus, C5virus, Cba181virus, Cbastvirus, Cecivirus, Che8virus,         Chivirus, Cjw1virus, Corndogvirus, Cronusvirus, D3112virus,         D3virus, Decurrovirus, Demosthenesvirus, Doucettevirus,         E125virus, Eiauvirus, Ff47virus, Gaiavirus, Gilesvirus,         Gordonvirus, Gordtnkvirus, Harrisonvirus, Hk578virus, Hk97virus,         Jenstvirus, Jwxvirus, Kelleziovirus, Korravirus, L5virus,         Lambdavirus, Laroyevirus, Liefievirus, Marvinvirus, Mudcatvirus,         N15virus, Nonagvirus, Np1virus, Omegavirus, P12002virus,         P12024virus, P23virus, P70virus, Pa6virus, Pamx74virus,         Patiencevirus, Pbi1virus, Pepy6virus, Pfr1virus, Phic31virus,         Phicbkvirus, Phietavirus, Phifelvirus, Phijl1virus, Pis4avirus,         Psavirus, Psimunavirus, Rdj1virus, Rer2virus, Sap6virus,         Send513virus, Septima3virus, Seuratvirus, Sextaecvirus,         Sfi11virus, Sfi21dt1virus, Sitaravirus, Sk1virus, Slashvirus,         Smoothievirus, Soupsvirus, Spbetavirus, Ssp2virus, T5virus,         Tankvirus, Tin2virus, Titanvirus, Tm4virus, Tp21virus,         Tp84virus, Triavirus, Trigintaduovirus, Vegasvirus,         Vendettavirus, Wbetavirus, Wildcatvirus, Wizardvirus, Woesvirus,         Xp10virus, Ydn12virus and Yuavirus), and     -   family Ackermannviridae (such as, without limitation, genus         Ag3virus, Limestonevirus, Cba120virus and Vi1virus).

Optionally, the bacteriophage is not part of the Order Caudovirales but part of families with Unassigned order such as, without limitation, family Tectiviridae (such as genus Alphatectivirus, Betatectivirus), family Corticoviridae (such as genus Corticovirus), family Inoviridae (such as genus Fibrovirus, Habenivirus, Inovirus, Lineavirus, Plectrovirus, Saetivirus, Vespertiliovirus), family Cystoviridae (such as genus Cystovirus), family Leviviridae (such as genus Allolevivirus, Levivirus), family Microviridae (such as genus Alpha3microvirus, G4microvirus, Phix174microvirus, Bdellomicrovirus, Chlamydiamicrovirus, Spiromicrovirus) and family Plasmaviridae (such as genus Plasmavirus).

Optionally, the bacteriophage is targeting Archea and is not part of the Order Caudovirales but from families with Unassigned order such as, without limitation, Ampullaviridae, FuselloViridae, Globuloviridae, Guttaviridae, Lipothrixviridae, Pleolipoviridae, Rudiviridae, Salterprovirus and Bicaudaviridae.

A non-exhaustive listing of bacterial genera and their known host-specific bacteria viruses is presented in the following paragraphs. Synonyms and spelling variants are indicated in parentheses. Homonyms are repeated as often as they occur (e.g., D, D, d). Unnamed phages are indicated by “NN” beside their genus and their numbers are given in parentheses.

Bacteria of the genus Actinomyces can be infected by the following phages: Av-I, Av-2, Av-3, BF307, CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, CT6, CT7, CT8 and 1281.

Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas can be infected by the following phages: AA-I, Aeh2, N, PM1, TP446, 3, 4, 11, 13, 29, 31, 32, 37, 43, 43-10T, 51, 54, 55R.1, 56, 56RR2, 57, 58, 59.1, 60, 63, Aeh1, F, PM2, 1, 25, 31, 40RR2.8t, (syn=44R), (syn=44RR2.8t), 65, PM3, PM4, PM5 and PM6.

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus can be infected by the following phages: A, aiz1, A1-K-I, B, BCJA1, BC1, BC2, BLL1, BL1, BP142, BSL1, BSL2, BS1, BS3, BS8, BS15, BS18, BS22, BS26, BS28, BS31, BS104, BS105, BS106, BTB, B1715V1, C, CK-I, Coll, Corl, CP-53, CS-I, CSi, D, D, D, D5, ent1, FP8, FP9, FSi, FS2, FS3, FS5, FS8, FS9, G, GH8, GT8, GV-I, GV-2, GT-4, g3, g12, g13, g14, g16, g17, g21, g23, g24, g29, H2, ken1, KK-88, Kum1, Kyu1, J7W-1, LP52, (syn=LP-52), L7, Mex1, MJ-I, mor2, MP-7, MPlO, MP12, MP14, MP15, Neol, No2, N5, N6P, PBC1, PBLA, PBP1, P2, S-a, SF2, SF6, Sha1, Si11, SP02, (syn=ΦSPP1), SPβ, STI, STi, SU-I1, t, TbI, Tb2, Tb5, TbIO, Tb26, Tb51, Tb53, Tb55, Tb77, Tb97, Tb99, Tb560, Tb595, Td8, Td6, Td15, TgI, Tg4, Tg6, Tg7, Tg9, TgIO, TgI1, Tg13, Tg15, Tg21, Tin1, Tin7, Tin8, Tin13, Tm3, Toc1, Tog1, toll, TP-I, TP-10vir, TP-15c, TP-16c, TP-17c, TP-19, TP35, TP51, TP-84, Tt4, Tt6, type A, type B, type C, type D, type E, Tφ3, VA-9, W, wx23, wx26, Yun1, α, γ, pl 1, φmed-2, φT, φμ-4, φ3T, φ75, φ1O5, (syn=φ1O5), IA, IB, 1-97A, 1-97B, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 12, 14, 20, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41C, 51, 63, 64, 138D, I, II, IV, NN-Bacillus (13), ale1, AR1, AR2, AR3, AR7, AR9, Bace-11, (syn=11), Bastille, BL1, BL2, BL3, BL4, BL5, BL6, BL8, BL9, BP124, BS28, BS80, Ch, CP-51, CP-54, D-5, dar1, den1, DP-7, ent1, FoSi, FoS2, FS4, FS6, FS7, G, gall, gamma, GE1, GF-2, GSi, GT-I, GT-2, GT-3, GT-4, GT-5, GT-6, GT-7, GV-6, g15, 19, 110, ISi, K, MP9, MP13, MP21, MP23, MP24, MP28, MP29, MP30, MP32, MP34, MP36, MP37, MP39, MP40, MP41, MP43, MP44, MP45, MP47, MP50, NLP-I, No. 1, N17, N19, PBS1, PK1, PMB1, PMB12, PMJ1, S, SPO1, SP3, SP5, SP6, SP7, SP8, SP9, SP1O, SP-15, SP50, (syn=SP-50), SP82, SST, sub1, SW, Tg8, Tg12, Tg13, Tg14, thu1, thuA, thuS, Tin4, Tin23, TP-13, TP33, TP50, TSP-I, type V, type VI, V, Vx, β22, φe, φNR2, φ25, φ63, 1, 1, 2, 2C, 3NT, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 138, III, 4 (B. megateriwn), 4 (B. sphaericus), AR13, BPP-IO, BS32, BS107, B1, B2, GA-I, GP-IO, GV-3, GV-5, g8, MP20, MP27, MP49, Nf, PP5, PP6, SF5, Tg18, TP-I, Versailles, φ15, φ29, 1-97, 837/IV, m{umlaut over (ι)}-Bacillus (1), BatlO, BSLlO, BSLI 1, BS6, BSI 1, BS16, BS23, BS1O1, BS102, g18, mor1, PBL1, SN45, thu2, thu3, TmI, Tm2, TP-20, TP21, TP52, type F, type G, type IV, HN-BacMus (3), BLE, (syn=θc), BS2, BS4, BS5, BS7, BlO, B12, BS20, BS21, F, MJ-4, PBA12, AP50, AP50-04, AP50-11, AP50-23, AP50-26, AP50-27 and Bam35. The following Bacillus-specific phages are defective: DLP10716, DLP-11946, DPB5, DPB12, DPB21, DPB22, DPB23, GA-2, M, No. IM, PBLB, PBSH, PBSV, PBSW, PBSX, PBSY, PBSZ, phi, SPa, type 1 and μ.

Bacteria of the genus Bacteroides can be infected by the following phages: crAss-phage, ad I2, Baf-44, Baf-48B, Baf-64, Bf-I, Bf-52, B40-8, F1, β1, φA1, φBrO1, φBrO2, 11, 67.1, 67.3, 68.1, mt-Bacteroides (3), Bf42, Bf71, HN-Bdellovibrio (1) and BF-41.

Bacteria of the genus Bordetella can be infected by the following phages: 134 and NN-Bordetella (3).

Bacteria of the genus Borrellia can be infected by the following phages: NN-Borrelia (1) and NN-Borrelia (2).

Bacteria of the genus Brucella can be infected by the following phages: A422, Bk, (syn=Berkeley), BM29, FOi, (syn=FO1), (syn=FQ1), D, FP2, (syn=FP2), (syn=FD2), Fz, (syn=Fz75/13), (syn=Firenze 75/13), (syn=Fi), Fi, (syn=F1), Fim, (syn=FIm), (syn=Fim), FiU, (syn=F1U), (syn=FiU), F2, (syn=F2), F3, (syn=F3), F4, (syn=F4), F5, (syn=F5), F6, F7, (syn=F7), F25, (syn=F25), (syn=£25), F25U, (syn=F25u), (syn=F25U), (syn=F25V), F44, (syn-F44), F45, (syn=F45), F48, (syn=F48), I, Im, M, MC/75, M51, (syn=M85), P, (syn=D), S708, R, Tb, (syn=TB), (syn=Tbilisi), W, (syn=Wb), (syn=Weybridge), X, 3, 6, 7, 10/1, (syn=10), (syn=F8), (syn=F8), 12m, 24/11, (syn=24), (syn=F9), (syn=F9), 45/111, (syn=45), 75, 84, 212/XV, (syn=212), (syn=Fi0), (syn=FlO), 371/XXIX, (syn=371), (syn=Fn), (syn=F11) and 513.

Bacteria of the genus Burkholderia can be infected by the following phages: CP75, NN-Burkholderia (1) and 42.

Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter can be infected by the following phages: C type, NTCC12669, NTCC12670, NTCC12671, NTCC12672, NTCC12673, NTCC12674, NTCC12675, NTCC12676, NTCC12677, NTCC12678, NTCC12679, NTCC12680, NTCC12681, NTCC12682, NTCC12683, NTCC12684, 32f, 111c, 191, NN-Campylobacter (2), Vfi-6, (syn=V19), VfV-3, V2, V3, V8, V16, (syn=Vfi-1), V19, V20(V45), V45, (syn=V-45) and NN-Campylobacter (1).

Bacteria of the genus Chlamydia can be infected by the following phage: Chp1.

Bacteria of the genus Clostridium can be infected by the following phages: CAK1, CA5, Ca7, CEβ, (syn=1C), CEγ, Cldl, c-n71, c-203 Tox-, DEβ, (syn=ID), (syn=1Dt0X+), HM3, KM1, KT, Ms, NA1, (syn=Naltox+), PA135Oe, Pfó, PL73, PL78, PL81, P1, P50, P5771, P19402, lCt0X+, 2Ct0X\ 2D3 (syn=2Dt0X+), 3C, (syn=3Ctox+), 4C, (syn=4Ct0X+), 56, III-1, NN-Clostridium (61), NB1t0X+, α1, CA1, HMT, HM2, PF15 P-23, P-46, Q-05, Q-oe, Q-16, Q-21, Q-26, Q-40, Q-46, S111, SA02, WA01, WA03, Wm, W523, 80, C, CA2, CA3, CPT1, CPT4, c1, c4, c5, HM7, H11/A1, H18/Ax, FWS23, Hi58ZA1, K2ZA1, K21ZS23, ML, NA2t0X; Pf2, Pf3, Pf4, S9ZS3, S41ZA1, S44ZS23, α2, 41, 112ZS23, 214/523, 233/Ai, 234/S23, 235/S23, II-1, II-2, II-3, NN-Clostridium (12), CA1, F1, K, S2, 1, 5 and NN-Clostridium (8).

Bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium can be infected by the following phages: CGK1 (defective), A, A2, A3, A1O1, A128, A133, A137, A139, A155, A182, B, BF, B17, B18, B51, B271, B275, B276, B277, B279, B282, C, capi, CC1, CG1, CG2, CG33, CL31, Cog, (syn=CG5), D, E, F, H, H-I, hqi, hq2, 11ZH33, Ii/31, J, K, K, (syn=Ktox″), L, L, (syn=Ltox+), M, MC-I, MC-2, MC-3, MC-4, MLMa, N, O, ovi, ov2, ov3, P, P, R, RP6, RS29, S, T, U, UB1, ub2, UH1, UH3, uh3, uh5, uh6, β, (syn=βtox+), βhv64, βvir, γ, (syn=γtoχ−), γ19, δ, (syn=δ′ox+), p, (syn=ptoχ−), Φ9, φ984, ω, IA, 1/1180, 2, 2/1180, 5/1180, 5ad/9717, 7/4465, 8/4465, 8ad/10269, 10/9253, 13Z9253, 15/3148, 21/9253, 28, 29, 55, 2747, 2893, 4498 and 5848.

Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus are infected by the following phages: DF78, F1, F2, 1, 2, 4, 14, 41, 867, Dl, SB24, 2BV, 182, 225, C2, C2F, E3, E62, DS96, H24, M35, P3, P9, SB1O1, S2, 2BII, 5, 182a, 705, 873, 881, 940, 1051, 1057, 21096C, NN-Enterococcus (1), PE1, F1, F3, F4, VD13, 1, 200, 235 and 341.

Bacteria of the genus Erysipelothrix can be infected by the following phage: NN-Eiysipelothrix (1).

Bacteria of the genus Escherichia can be infected by the following phages: BW73, B278, D6, D108, E, E1, E24, E41, FI-2, FI-4, FI-5, HI8A, Ff18B, i, MM, Mu, (syn=mu), (syn=MuI), (syn=Mu-I), (syn=MU-I), (syn=MuI), (syn=μ), 025, PhI-5, Pk, PSP3, P1, P1D, P2, P4 (defective), S1, Wφ, φK13, φR73 (defective), φ1, φ2, φ7, φ92, ψ (defective), 7 A, 8φ, 9φ, 15 (defective), 18, 28-1, 186, 299, HH-Escherichia (2), AB48, CM, C4, C16, DD-VI, (syn=Dd-Vi), (syn=DDVI), (syn=DDVi), E4, E7, E28, FI1, FI3, H, H1, H3, H8, K3, M, N, ND-2, ND-3, ND4, ND-5, ND6, ND-7, Ox-I (syn=OX1), (syn=HF), Ox-2 (syn=0x2), (syn=0X2), Ox-3, Ox-4, Ox-5, (syn=0X5), Ox-6, (syn=66F), (syn=y66t), (syn=(p66t−)5 0111, PhI-I, RB42, RB43, RB49, RB69, S, Sal-I, Sal-2, Sal-3, Sal-4, Sal-5, Sal-6, TC23, TC45, TuII*-6, (syn=TuII*), TuIP-24, TuII*46, TuIP-60, T2, (syn=ganuTia), (syn=γ), (syn=PC), (syn=P.C.), (syn=T-2), (syn=T2), (syn=P4), T4, (syn=T-4), (syn=T4), T6, T35, α1, 1, IA, 3, (syn=Ac3), 3A, 3T+, (syn=3), (syn=MI), 5φ, (syn=φ5), 9266Q, CFO103, HK620, J, K, K1F, m59, no. A, no. E, no. 3, no. 9, N4, sd, (syn=Sd), (syn=SD), (syn=Sa)3 (syn=sd), (syn=SD), (syn=CD), T3, (syn=T-3), (syn=T3), T7, (syn=T-7), (syn=T7), WPK, W31, ΔH, φC3888, φK3, φK7, φK12, φV-1, Φ04-CF, Φ05, Φ06, Φ07, φ1, φ1.2, φ20, φ95, φ263, φ1O92, φ1, φ11, (syn=φW), Ω8, 1, 3, 7, 8, 26,27,28-2, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 42, 933W, NN-Escherichia (1), Esc-7-11, AC30, CVX-5, C1, DDUP, EC1, EC2, E21, E29, F1, F26S, F27S, Hi, HK022, HK97, (syn=ΦHK97), HK139, HK253, HK256, K7, ND-I, no.D, PA-2, q, S2, T1, (syn=α), (syn=P28), (syn=T-I), (syn=Tx), T3C, T5, (syn=T-5), (syn=T5), UC-I, w, β4, γ2, λ (syn=lambda), (syn=Φλ), ΦD326, φγ, Φ06, Φ7, Φ10, φ80, χ, (syn=χi), (syn=φχ), (syn=φχi), 2, 4, 4A, 6, 8A, 102, 150, 168, 174, 3000, AC6, AC7, AC28, AC43, AC50, AC57, AC81, AC95, HK243, K10, ZG/3A, 5, 5A, 21EL, H19-J, 933H, O157 typing phages 1 to 16, JES-2013, 121Q, 172-1, 1720a-02, ADB-2, AKFV33, av-05, bV_EcoS_AHP42, bV_EcoS_AHP24, bC_EcoS_AHS24, bV_EcoS_AKS96, CBA120.

Bacteria of the genus Fusobacterium are infected by the following phages: NN-Fusobacterium (2), fv83-554/3, fv88-531/2, 227, fv2377, fv2527 and fv8501.

Bacteria of the genus Haemophilus are infected by the following phages: HP1, S2 and N3.

Bacteria of the genus Helicobacter are infected by the following phages: HP1 and {circumflex over ( )}{circumflex over ( )}-Helicobacter (1).

Bacteria of the genus Klebsiella are infected by the following phages: AIO-2, KI4B, K16B, K19, (syn=K19), K114, K115, K121, K128, K129, K132, K133, K135, K1106B, K1171B, K1181B, K1832B, AIO-I, AO-I, AO-2, AO-3, FC3-10, K, K11, (syn=KI1), K12, (syn=K12), K13, (syn=K13), (syn=K1 70/11), K14, (syn=K14), K15, (syn=K15), K16, (syn=K16), K17, (syn=K17), K18, (syn=K18), K119, (syn=K19), K127, (syn=K127), K131, (syn=K131), K135, K1171B, II, VI, IX, CI-I, K14B, K18, K111, K112, K113, K116, K117, K118, K120, K122, K123, K124, K126, K130, K134, K1106B, KIi65B, K1328B, KLXI, K328, P5046, 11, 380, III, IV, VII, VIII, FC3-11, K12B, (syn=K12B), K125, (syn=K125), K142B, (syn=K142), (syn=K142B), K1181B, (syn=KI1 81), (syn=K1181B), K1765/!, (syn=K1765/1), K1842B, (syn=K1832B), K1937B, (syn=K1937B), L1, φ28, 7, 231, 483, 490, 632 and 864/100.

Bacteria of the genus Lepitospira are infected by the following phages: LE1, LE3, LE4 and ˜NN-Leptospira (1).

Bacteria of the genus Listeria are infected by the following phages: A511, 01761, 4211, 4286, (syn=BO54), A005, A006, A020, A500, A502, A511, A1 18, A620, A640, B012, B021, B024, B025, B035, B051, B053, B054, B055, B056, B1O1, BI10, B545, B604, B653, C707, D441, HSO47, H1OG, H8/73, H19, H21, H43, H46, H107, H108, HI 1O, H163/84, H312, H340, H387, H391/73, H684/74, H924A, PSA, U153, φMLUP5, (syn=P35), 00241, 00611, 02971A, 02971C, 5/476, 5/911, 5/939, 5/11302, 5/11605, 5/11704, 184, 575, 633, 699/694, 744, 900, 1090, 1317, 1444, 1652, 1806, 1807, 1921/959, 1921/11367, 1921/11500, 1921/11566, 1921/12460, 1921/12582, 1967, 2389, 2425, 2671, 2685, 3274, 3550, 3551, 3552, 4276, 4277, 4292, 4477, 5337, 5348/11363, 5348/11646, 5348/12430, 5348/12434, 10072, 11355C, 11711A, 12029, 12981, 13441, 90666, 90816, 93253, 907515, 910716 and NN-Lisferia (15).

Bacteria of the genus Morganella are infected by the following phage: 47.

Bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium are infected by the following phages: 13, AG1, ALi, ATCC 11759, A2, B.C3, BG2, BK1, BK5, butyricum, B-I, B5, B7, B30, B35, Clark, C1, C2, DNAIII, DSP1, D4, D29, GS4E, (syn=GS4E), GS7, (syn=GS-7), (syn=GS7), IPa, lacticola, Legendre, Leo, L5, (syn=(DL-5), MC-I, MC-3, MC-4, minetti, MTPHI1, Mx4, MyF3P/59a, phlei, (syn=phlei 1), phlei 4, Polonus II, rabinovitschi, smegmatis, TM4, TM9, TMlO, TM20, Y7, YlO, φ630, IB, IF, IH, 1/1, 67, 106, 1430, B1, (syn=Bol), B24, D, D29, F-K, F-S, HP, Polonus I, Roy, R1, (syn=R1-Myb), (syn=Ri), 11, 31, 40, 50, 103a, 103b, 128, 3111-D, 3215-D and NN-Mycobacterium (1).

Bacteria of the genus Neisseria are infected by the following phages: Group I, group II and NP1.

Bacteria of the genus Nocardia are infected by the following phages: MNP8, NJ-L, NS-8, N5 and TtiN-Nocardia.

Bacteria of the genus Proteus are infected by the following phages: Pm5, 13vir, 2/44, 4/545, 6/1004, 13/807, 20/826, 57, 67b, 78, 107/69, 121, 9/0, 22/608, 30/680, PmI, Pm3, Pm4, Pm6, Pm7, Pm9, PmIO, PmI 1, Pv2, π1, φm, 7/549, 9B/2, 10A/31, 12/55, 14, 15, 16/789, 17/971, 19A/653, 23/532, 25/909, 26/219, 27/953, 32A/909, 33/971, 34/13, 65, 5006M, 7480b, VI, 13/3a, Clichy 12, π2600, φχ7, 1/1004, 5/742, 9, 12, 14, 22, 24/860, 2600/D52, Pm8 and 24/2514.

Bacteria of the genus Providencia are infected by the following phages: PL25, PL26, PL37, 9211/9295, 9213/921 Ib, 9248, 7/R49, 7476/322, 7478/325, 7479, 7480, 9000/9402 and 9213/921 Ia.

Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are infected by the following phages: PfI, (syn=Pf-I), Pf2, Pf3, PP7, PRR1, 7s, im-Pseudomonas (1), AI-I, AI-2, B 17, B89, CB3, Col 2, Col 11, Col 18, Col 21, C154, C163, C167, C2121, E79, F8, ga, gb, H22, K1, M4, N2, Nu, PB-I, (syn=PB1), pf16, PMN17, PP1, PP8, Psa1, PsP1, PsP2, PsP3, PsP4, PsP5, PS3, PS17, PTB80, PX4, PX7, PYO1, PYO2, PYO5, PYO6, PYO9, PYO1O, PYO13, PYO14, PYO16, PYO18, PYO19, PYO20, PYO29, PYO32, PYO33, PYO35, PYO36, PYO37, PYO38, PYO39, PYO41, PYO42, PYO45, PYO47, PYO48, PYO64, PYO69, PYO103, P1K, SLP1, SL2, S2, UNL-I, wy, Yai, Ya4, Yan, φBE, φCTX, φC17, φKZ, (syn=φKZ), φ-LT, Φmu78, φNZ, φPLS-1, φST-1, φW-14, φ-2, 1/72, 2/79, 3, 3/DO, 4/237, 5/406, 6C, 6/6660, 7, 7v, 7/184, 8/280, 9/95, 10/502, 11/DE, 12/100, 12S, 16, 21, 24, 25F, 27, 31, 44, 68, 71, 95, 109, 188, 337, 352, 1214, HN-Pseudomonas (23), A856, B26, CI-I, CI-2, C5, D, gh-1, F1 16, HF, H90, K5, K6, K1 04, K109, K166, K267, N4, N5, O6N-25P, PE69, Pf, PPN25, PPN35, PPN89, PPN91, PP2, PP3, PP4, PP6, PP7, PP8, PP56, PP87, PP1 14, PP206, PP207, PP306, PP651, Psp231a, Pssy401, Pssy9220, psi, PTB2, PTB20, PTB42, PX1, PX3, PX1O, PX12, PX14, PYO70, PYO71, R, SH6, SH133, tf, Ya5, Ya7, φBS, ΦKf77, φ-MC, ΦmnF82, φPLS27, φPLS743, φS-1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12B, 13, 14, 15, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 23, 23, 24, 25, 31, 53, 73, 119x, 145, 147, 170, 267, 284, 308, 525, NN-Pseudomonas (5), af, A7, B3, B33, B39, BI-I, C22, D3, D37, D40, D62, D3112, F7, F1O, g, gd, ge, gξ Hw12, Jb 19, KF1, L°, OXN-32P, O6N-52P, PCH-I, PC13-1, PC35-1, PH2, PH51, PH93, PH132, PMW, PM13, PM57, PM61, PM62, PM63, PM69, PM105, PM1 13, PM681, PM682, PO4, PP1, PP4, PP5, PP64, PP65, PP66, PP71, PP86, PP88, PP92, PP401, PP711, PP891, Pssy41, Pssy42, Pssy403, Pssy404, Pssy420, Pssy923, PS4, PS-IO, Pz, SD1, SL1, SL3, SL5, SM, φC5, φC1 1, φC1 1-1, φC13, φC15, φMO, φX, φO4, φ1 1, φ240, 2, 2F, 5, 7m, 11, 13, 13/441, 14, 20, 24, 40, 45, 49, 61, 73, 148, 160, 198, 218, 222, 236, 242, 246, 249, 258, 269, 295, 297, 309, 318, 342, 350, 351, 357-1, 400-1, HN-Pseudomonas (6), G1O1, M6, M6a, Li, PB2, Pssy15, Pssy4210, Pssy4220, PYO12, PYO34, PYO49, PYO50, PYO51, PYO52, PYO53, PYO57, PYO59, PYO200, PX2, PX5, SL4, φO3, φO6 and 1214.

Bacteria of the genus Rickettsia are infected by the following phage: NN-Rickettsia.

Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are infected by the following phages: b, Beccles, CT, d, Dundee, f, FeIs 2, GI, GUI, GVI, GVIII, k, K, i, j, L, 01, (syn=0-1), (syn=O1), (syn=O-I), (syn=7), 02, 03, P3, P9a, P1O, Sab3, Sab5, San1S, San17, SI, Taunton, ViI, (syn=ViI), 9, imSalmonella (1), N-I, N-5, N-IO, N-17, N-22, 11, 12, 16-19, 20.2, 36, 449C/C178, 966A/C259, a, B.A.O.R., e, G4, GUI, L, LP7, M, MG40, N-18, PSA68, P4, P9c, P22, (syn=P22), (syn=PLT22), (syn=PLT22), P22a1, P22-4, P22-7, P22-11, SNT-I, SNT-2, SP6, Villi, ViIV, ViV, ViVI, ViVII, Worksop, Sj5, ε34, 1,37, 1(40), (syn=φ1[40]), 1,422, 2, 2.5, 3b, 4, 5, 6,14(18), 8, 14(6,7), 10, 27, 28B, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 1412, SNT-3, 7-11, 40.3, c, C236, C557, C625, C966N, g, GV, G5, G1 73, h, IRA, Jersey, MB78, P22-1, P22-3, P22-12, Sab1, Sab2, Sab2, Sab4, San1, San2, San3, San4, San6, San7, San8, San9, San13, San14, San16, San18, San19, San20, San21, San22, San23, San24, San25, San26, SasL1, SasL2, SasL3, SasL4, SasL5, S1BL, SII, ViII, φ1, 1, 2, 3a, 3a1, 1010, Ym-Salmonella (1), N-4, SasL6 and 27.

Bacteria of the genus Serratia are infected by the following phages: A2P, PS20, SMB3, SMP, SMP5, SM2, V40, V56, ic, ΦCP-3, ΦCP-6, 3M, 10/1a, 20A, 34CC, 34H, 38T, 345G, 345P, 501B, SMB2, SMP2, BC, BT, CW2, CW3, CW4, CW5, Lt232, L2232, L34, L.228, SLP, SMPA, V.43, σ, φCW1, ΦCP6-1, ΦCP6-2, ΦCP6-5, 3T, 5, 8, 9F, 10/1, 2OE, 32/6, 34B, 34CT, 34P, 37, 41, 56, 56D, 56P, 6OP, 61/6, 74/6, 76/4, 101/8900, 226, 227, 228, 229F, 286, 289, 290F, 512, 764a, 2847/10, 2847/10a, L.359 and SMB1.

Bacteria of the genus Shigella are infected by the following phages: Fsa, (syn=a), FSD2d, (syn=D2d), (syn=W2d), FSD2E, (syn=W2e), fv, F6, f7.8, H-Sh, PE5, P90, SfII, Sh, SHm, SHrv, (syn=HIV), SHvi, (syn=HVI), SHVvm, (syn=HVIII), SKγ66, (syn=gamma 66), (syn=yββ), (syn=γ66b), SKm, (syn=SIIIb)5 (syn=UI), SKw, (syn=Siva), (syn=IV), SIC™, (syn=SIVA.), (syn=IVA), SKvi, (syn=KVI), (syn=Svi), (syn=VI), SKvm, (syn=Svm), (syn=VIII), SKVIIIA, (syn=SvmA), (syn=VIIIA), STvi, STK, STx1, STxn, S66, W2, (syn=D2c), (syn=D20), φ1, φIVb 3-SO-R, 8368-SO-R, F7, (syn=FS7), (syn=K29), F1O, (syn=FS1O), (syn=K31), I1, (syn=alfa), (syn=FSa), (syn=K1 8), (syn=α), I2, (syn=a), (syn=K19), SG33, (syn=G35), (syn=SO-35/G), SG35, (syn=SO-55/G), SG3201, (syn=SO-3201/G), SHn, (syn=HII), SHv, (syn=SHV), SHx, SHX, SKn, (syn=K2), (syn=KII), (syn=Sn), (syn=SsII), (syn=II), SKrv, (syn=Sm), (syn=SsIV), (syn=IV), SK1Va, (syn=Swab), (syn=SsIVa), (syn=IVa), SKV, (syn=K4), (syn=KV), (syn=SV), (syn=SsV), (syn=V), SKx, (syn=K9), (syn=KX), (syn=SX), (syn=SsX), (syn=X), STV, (syn=T35), (syn=35-50-R), STvm, (syn=T8345), (syn=8345-SO—S-R), W1, (syn=D8), (syn=FSD8), W2a, (syn=D2A), (syn=FS2a), DD-2, Sf6, FSi, (syn=F1), SF6, (syn=F6), SG42, (syn=SO-42/G), SG3203, (syn=SO-3203/G), SKF12, (syn=SsF12), (syn=F12), (syn=F12), STn, (syn=1881-SO-R), γ66, (syn=gamma 66a), (syn=Ssγ66), φ2, BI1, DDVII, (syn=DD7), FSD2b, (syn=W2B), FS2, (syn=F2), (syn=F2), FS4, (syn=F4), (syn=F4), FS5, (syn=F5), (syn=F5), FS9, (syn=F9), (syn=F9), FI 1, P2-SO-S, SG36, (syn=SO-36/G), (syn=G36), SG3204, (syn=SO-3204/G), SG3244, (syn=SO-3244/G), SHi, (syn=HI), SHvπ, (syn=HVII), SHK, (syn=HIX), SHx1, SHxπ, (syn=HXn), SKI, KI, (syn=S1), (syn=SsI), SKVII, (syn=KVII), (syn=Svπ), (syn=SsVII), SKIX, (syn=KIX), (syn=Slx), (syn=SsIX), SKXII, (syn=KXII), (syn=Sxn), (syn=SsXII), STi, STffl, STrv, STVi, STvπ, S70, S206, U2-S0-S, 3210-SO-S, 3859-SO-S, 4020-SO-S, φ3, φ5, φ7, φ8, φ9, φ1O, φ1 1, φ13, φ14, φ18, SHm, (syn=Hπi), SHχi, (syn=HXt) and SKxI, (syn=KXI), (syn=Sχi), (syn=SsXI), (syn=XI).

Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are infected by the following phages: A, EW, K, Ph5, Ph9, PhIO, Ph13, P1, P2, P3, P4, P8, P9, P1O, RG, SB-i, (syn=Sb-I), S3K, Twort, ΦSK311, φ812, 06, 40, 58, 119, 130, 131, 200, 1623, STC1, (syn=stc1), STC2, (syn=stc2), 44AHJD, 68, AC1, AC2, A6“C”, A9“C”, b581, CA-I, CA-2, CA-3, CA-4, CA-5, DI 1, L39x35, L54a, M42, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N7, N8, NO, Ni 1, N12, N13, N14, N16, Ph6, Ph12, Ph14, UC-18, U4, U15, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, X2, Z1, φB5-2, φD, ω, 11, (syn=φ11), (syn=P11-M15), 15, 28, 28A, 29, 31, 31B, 37, 42D, (syn=P42D), 44A, 48, 51, 52, 52A, (syn=P52A), 52B, 53, 55, 69, 71, (syn=P71), 71A, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 80α, 82, 82A, 83 A, 84, 85, 86, 88, 88A, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96, 102, 107, 108, 111, 129-26, 130, 130A, 155, 157, 157A, 165, 187, 275, 275A, 275B, 356, 456, 459, 471, 471A, 489, 581, 676, 898, 1139, 1154A, 1259, 1314, 1380, 1405, 1563, 2148, 2638A, 2638B, 2638C, 2731, 2792A, 2792B, 2818, 2835, 2848A, 3619, 5841, 12100, AC3, A8, A1O, A13, b594n, D, HK2, N9, N15, P52, P87, S1, S6, Z4, φRE, 3A, 3B, 3C, 6, 7, 16, 21, 42B, 42C, 42E, 44, 47, 47A5 47C, 51, 54, 54x1, 70, 73, 75, 78, 81, 82, 88, 93, 94, 101, 105, 110, 115, 129/16, 174, 594n, 1363/14, 2460 and mS-Staphylococcus (1).

Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus are infected by the following phages: EJ-I, NN-Streptococais (1), a, C1, FL0Ths, H39, Cp-I, Cρ-5, Cp-7, Cp-9, Cp-IO, AT298, A5, a1O/J1, a1O/J2, a1O/J5, a1O/J9, A25, BTI 1, b6, CA1, c20-1, c20-2, DP-I, Dp-4, DT1, ET42, elO, FA101, FEThs, Fκ, FKKIOI, FKLIO, FKP74, FKH, FLOThs, FyIO1, f1, F10, F20140/76, g, GT-234, HB3, (syn=HB-3), HB-623, HB-746, M102, O1205, φO1205, PST, PO, P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P8, P9, P9, P12, P13, P14, P49, P50, P51, P52, P53, P54, P55, P56, P57, P58, P59, P64, P67, P69, P71, P73, P75, P76, P77, P82, P83, P88, sc, sch, sf, SfI1 1, (syn=SFiI1), (syn=φSFill), (syn=ΦSfi11), (syn=φSfi1 1), sfi19, (syn=SFi19), (syn=φSFi19), (syn=φSfi19), Sfi21, (syn=SFi21), (syn=φSFi21), (syn=φSfi21), ST0, STX, st2, ST2, ST4, S3, (syn=φS3), s265, Φ17, φ42, Φ57, φ80, φ81, φ82, φ83, φ84, φ85, φ86, φ87, φ88, φ89, φ90, φ91, φ92, φ93, φ94, φ95, φ96, φ97, φ98, φ99, φ1OO, φ1O1, φ1O2, φ227, Φ7201, ω1, ω2, ω3, ω4, ω5, ω6, ω8, ω1O, 1, 6, 9, 1OF, 12/12, 14, 17SR, 19S, 24, 50/33, 50/34, 55/14, 55/15, 70/35, 70/36, 71/ST15, 71/45, 71/46, 74F, 79/37, 79/38, 80/J4, 80/J9, 80/ST16, 80/15, 80/47, 80/48, 101, 103/39, 103/40, 121/41, 121/42, 123/43, 123/44, 124/44, 337/ST17 and mStreptococcus (34).

Bacteria of the genus Treponema are infected by the following phage: NN-Treponema (1).

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are infected by the following phages: CTXΦ, fs, (syn=si), fs2, Ivpf5, Vf12, Vf33, VPIΦ, VSK, v6, 493, CP-T1, ET25, kappa, K139, Labol, )XN-69P, OXN-86, 06N-21P, PB-I, P147, rp-1, SE3, VA-I, (syn=VcA-I), VcA-2, VPl, VP2, VP4, VP7, VP8, VP9, VP1O, VP17, VP18, VP19, X29, (syn=29 d'Herelle), t, ΦAWI-1, ΦHAWI-2, ΦHAWI-3, ΦHAWI-4, ΦHAWI-5, ΦHAWI-6, ΦHAWI-7, XHAWI-8, ΦHAWI-9, ΦHAWI-10, ΦHC1-1, ΦHC1-2, ΦHC1-3, ΦHC1-4, ΦHC2-1, >HC2-2, ΦHC2-3, ΦHC2-4, ΦHC3-1, ΦHC3-2, ΦHC3-3, ΦHD1S-1, ΦHD1S-2, ΦHD2S-1, ΦHD2S-2, ΦHD2S-3, ΦHD2S-4, ΦHD2S-5, ΦHDO-1, ΦHDO-2, ΦHDO-3, ΦHDO-4, ΦHDO-5, ΦHDO-6, ΦKL-33, ΦKL-34, ΦKL-35, ΦKL-36, ΦKWH-2, ΦKWH-3, ΦKWH-4, ΦMARQ-1, ΦMARQ-2, ΦMARQ-3, ΦMOAT-1, ΦO139, ΦPEL1A-1, ΦPEL1A-2, ΦPEL8A-1, ΦPEL8A-2, ΦPEL8A-3, ΦPEL8C-1, ΦPEL8C-2, ΦPEL13A-1, ΦPEL13B-1, ΦPEL13B-2, ΦPEL13B-3, ΦPEL13B-4, ΦPEL13B-5, ΦPEL13B-6, ΦPEL13B-7, ΦPEL13B-8, ΦPEL13B-9, ΦPEL13B-10, φVP143, φVP253, Φ16, φ138, 1-II, 5, 13, 14, 16, 24, 32, 493, 6214, 7050, 7227, II, (syn=group II), (syn==φ2), V, VIII, ˜m-Vibrio (13), KVP20, KVP40, nt-1, O6N-22P, P68, e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, FK, G, I, K, nt-6, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, O6N-34P, OXN-72P, OXN-85P, OXN-100P, P, Ph-I, PL163/10, Q, S, T, φ92, 1-9, 37, 51, 57, 70A-8, 72A-4, 72A-10, 110A-4, 333, 4996, I (syn=group I), III (syn=group III), VI, (syn=A-Saratov), VII, IX, X, HN-Vibrio (6), pA1, 7, 7-8, 70A-2, 71A-6, 72A-5, 72A-8, 108A-10, 109A-6, 109A-8, 1 1OA-1, 110A-5, 110A-7, hv-1, OXN-52P, P13, P38, P53, P65, P108, Pi11, TP13 VP3, VP6, VP12, VP13, 70A-3, 70A-4, 70A-10, 72A-1, 108A-3, 109-B1, 110A-2, 149, (syn=φ149), IV, (syn=group IV), NN-Vibrio (22), VP5, VPI1, VP15, VP16, α1, α2, α3a, α3b, 353B and HN-Vibrio (7).

Bacteria of the genus Yersinia are infected by the following phages: H, H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, Lucas 110, Lucas 303, Lucas 404, YerA3, YerA7, YerA20, YerA41, 3/M64-76, 5/G394-76, 6/C753-76, 8/C239-76, 9/F18167, 1701, 1710, PST, 1/F2852-76, D'Herelle, EV, H, Kotljarova, PTB, R, Y, YerA41, φYerO3-12, 3, 4/C1324-76, 7/F783-76, 903, 1/M6176 and Yer2AT.

In a specific embodiment, the bacteriophage is selected in the group consisting of Salmonella virus SKML39, Shigella virus AG3, Dickeya virus Limestone, Dickeya virus RC2014, Escherichia virus CBA120, Escherichia virus PhaxI, Salmonella virus 38, Salmonella virus Det7, Salmonella virus GG32, Salmonella virus PM10, Salmonella virus SFP10, Salmonella virus SH19, Salmonella virus SJ3, Escherichia virus ECML4, Salmonella virus Marshall, Salmonella virus Maynard, Salmonella virus SJ2, Salmonella virus STML131, Salmonella virus ViI, Erwinia virus Ea2809, Klebsiella virus 0507KN21, Serratia virus IME250, Serratia virus MAM1, Campylobacter virus CP21, Campylobacter virus CP220, Campylobacter virus CPt10, Campylobacter virus IBB35, Campylobacter virus CP81, Campylobacter virus CP30A, Campylobacter virus CPX, Campylobacter virus NCTC12673, Erwinia virus Ea214, Erwinia virus M7, Escherichia virus AYO145A, Escherichia virus EC6, Escherichia virus HY02, Escherichia virus JH2, Escherichia virus TP1, Escherichia virus VpaE1, Escherichia virus wV8, Salmonella virus FelixO1, Salmonella virus HB2014, Salmonella virus Mushroom, Salmonella virus UAB87, Citrobacter virus Moogle, Citrobacter virus Mordin, Escherichia virus SUSP1, Escherichia virus SUSP2, Aeromonas virus phiO18P, Haemophilus virus HP1, Haemophilus virus HP2, Pasteurella virus F108, Vibrio virus K139, Vibrio virus Kappa, Burkholderia virus phi52237, Burkholderia virus phiE122, Burkholderia virus phiE202, Escherichia virus 186, Escherichia virus P4, Escherichia virus P2, Escherichia virus Wphi, Mannheimia virus PHL101, Pseudomonas virus phiCTX, Ralstonia virus RSA1, Salmonella virus Fels2, Salmonella virus PsP3, Salmonella virus SopEphi, Yersinia virus L413C, Staphylococcus virus G1, Staphylococcus virus G15, Staphylococcus virus JD7, Staphylococcus virus K, Staphylococcus virus MCE2014, Staphylococcus virus P108, Staphylococcus virus Rodi, Staphylococcus virus S253, Staphylococcus virus S25-4, Staphylococcus virus SA12, Listeria virus A511, Listeria virus P100, Staphylococcus virus Remus, Staphylococcus virus SA11, Staphylococcus virus Stau2, Bacillus virus Camphawk, Bacillus virus SPO1, Bacillus virus BCP78, Bacillus virus TsarBomba, Staphylococcus virus Twort, Enterococcus virus phiEC24C, Lactobacillus virus Lb338-1, Lactobacillus virus LP65, Enterobacter virus PG7, Escherichia virus CC31, Klebsiella virus JD18, Klebsiella virus PKO111, Escherichia virus Bp7, Escherichia virus IME08, Escherichia virus JS10, Escherichia virus JS98, Escherichia virus QL01, Escherichia virus VR5, Enterobacter virus Eap3, Klebsiella virus KP15, Klebsiella virus KP27, Klebsiella virus Matisse, Klebsiella virus Miro, Citrobacter virus Merlin, Citrobacter virus Moon, Escherichia virus JSE, Escherichia virus phi1, Escherichia virus RB49, Escherichia virus HX01, Escherichia virus JS09, Escherichia virus RB69, Shigella virus UTAM, Salmonella virus S16, Salmonella virus STML198, Vibrio virus KVP40, Vibrio virus nt1, Vibrio virus ValKK3, Escherichia virus VR7, Escherichia virus VR20, Escherichia virus VR25, Escherichia virus VR26, Shigella virus SP18, Escherichia virus AR1, Escherichia virus C40, Escherichia virus E112, Escherichia virus ECML134, Escherichia virus HY01, Escherichia virus Ime09, Escherichia virus RB3, Escherichia virus RB14, Escherichia virus T4, Shigella virus Pss1, Shigella virus Shf12, Yersinia virus D1, Yersinia virus PST, Acinetobacter virus 133, Aeromonas virus 65, Aeromonas virus Aeh1, Escherichia virus RB16, Escherichia virus RB32, Escherichia virus RB43, Pseudomonas virus 42, Cronobacter virus CR3, Cronobacter virus CR8, Cronobacter virus CR9, Cronobacter virus PBES02, Pectobacterium virus phiTE, Cronobacter virus GAP31, Escherichia virus 4MG, Salmonella virus SE1, Salmonella virus SSE121, Escherichia virus FFH2, Escherichia virus FV3, Escherichia virus JES2013, Escherichia virus V5, Brevibacillus virus Abouo, Brevibacillus virus Davies, Bacillus virus Agate, Bacillus virus Bobb, Bacillus virus Bp8pC, Erwinia virus Deimos, Erwinia virus Ea35-70, Erwinia virus RAY, Erwinia virus Simmy50, Erwinia virus SpecialG, Acinetobacter virus AB1, Acinetobacter virus AB2, Acinetobacter virus AbC62, Acinetobacter virus AP22, Arthrobacter virus ArV1, Arthrobacter virus Trina, Bacillus virus AvesoBmore, Bacillus virus B4, Bacillus virus Bigbertha, Bacillus virus Riley, Bacillus virus Spock, Bacillus virus Troll, Bacillus virus Bastille, Bacillus virus CAM003, Bacillus virus Bc431, Bacillus virus Bcp1, Bacillus virus BCP82, Bacillus virus BM15, Bacillus virus Deepblue, Bacillus virus JBP901, Burkholderia virus Bcep1, Burkholderia virus Bcep43, Burkholderia virus Bcep781, Burkholderia virus BcepNY3, Xanthomonas virus OP2, Burkholderia virus BcepMu, Burkholderia virus phiE255, Aeromonas virus 44RR2, Mycobacterium virus Alice, Mycobacterium virus Bxz1, Mycobacterium virus Dandelion, Mycobacterium virus HyRo, Mycobacterium virus I3, Mycobacterium virus Nappy, Mycobacterium virus Sebata, Clostridium virus phiC2, Clostridium virus phiCD27, Clostridium virus phiCD119, Bacillus virus CP51, Bacillus virus JL, Bacillus virus Shanette, Escherichia virus CVM10, Escherichia virus ep3, Erwinia virus Asesino, Erwinia virus EaH2, Pseudomonas virus EL, Halomonas virus HAP1, Vibrio virus VP882, Brevibacillus virus Jimmer, Brevibacillus virus Osiris, Pseudomonas virus Ab03, Pseudomonas virus KPP10, Pseudomonas virus PAKP3, Sinorhizobium virus M7, Sinorhizobium virus M12, Sinorhizobium virus N3, Erwinia virus Machina, Arthrobacter virus Brent, Arthrobacter virus Jawnski, Arthrobacter virus Martha, Arthrobacter virus Sonny, Edwardsiella virus MSW3, Edwardsiella virus PEi21, Escherichia virus Mu, Shigella virus SfMu, Halobacterium virus phiH, Bacillus virus Grass, Bacillus virus NIT1, Bacillus virus SPG24, Aeromonas virus 43, Escherichia virus P1, Pseudomonas virus CAb1, Pseudomonas virus CAb02, Pseudomonas virus JG004, Pseudomonas virus PAKP1, Pseudomonas virus PAKP4, Pseudomonas virus PaP1, Burkholderia virus BcepF1, Pseudomonas virus 141, Pseudomonas virus Ab28, Pseudomonas virus DL60, Pseudomonas virus DL68, Pseudomonas virus F8, Pseudomonas virus JG024, Pseudomonas virus KPP12, Pseudomonas virus LBL3, Pseudomonas virus LMA2, Pseudomonas virus PB1, Pseudomonas virus SN, Pseudomonas virus PA7, Pseudomonas virus phiKZ, Rhizobium virus RHEph4, Ralstonia virus RSF1, Ralstonia virus RSL2, Ralstonia virus RSL1, Aeromonas virus 25, Aeromonas virus 31, Aeromonas virus Aes12, Aeromonas virus Aes508, Aeromonas virus AS4, Stenotrophomonas virus AIE13, Staphylococcus virus IPLAC1C, Staphylococcus virus SEP1, Salmonella virus SPN3US, Bacillus virus 1, Geobacillus virus GBSV1, Yersinia virus R1RT, Yersinia virus TG1, Bacillus virus G, Bacillus virus PBS1, Microcystis virus Ma-LMM01, Vibrio virus MAR, Vibrio virus VHML, Vibrio virus VP585, Bacillus virus BPS13, Bacillus virus Hakuna, Bacillus virus Megatron, Bacillus virus WPh, Acinetobacter virus AB3, Acinetobacter virus Abp1, Acinetobacter virus Fri1, Acinetobacter virus IME200, Acinetobacter virus PD6A3, Acinetobacter virus PDAB9, Acinetobacter virus phiAB1, Escherichia virus K30, Klebsiella virus K5, Klebsiella virus K11, Klebsiella virus Kp1, Klebsiella virus KP32, Klebsiella virus KpV289, Klebsiella virus F19, Klebsiella virus K244, Klebsiella virus Kp2, Klebsiella virus KP34, Klebsiella virus KpV41, Klebsiella virus KpV71, Klebsiella virus KpV475, Klebsiella virus SU503, Klebsiella virus SU552A, Pantoea virus Limelight, Pantoea virus Limezero, Pseudomonas virus LKA1, Pseudomonas virus phiKMV, Xanthomonas virus f20, Xanthomonas virus f30, Xylella virus Prado, Erwinia virus Era103, Escherichia virus K5, Escherichia virus K1-5, Escherichia virus K1E, Salmonella virus SP6, Escherichia virus T7, Kluyvera virus Kvp1, Pseudomonas virus gh1, Prochlorococcus virus PSSP7, Synechococcus virus P60, Synechococcus virus Syn5, Streptococcus virus Cp1, Streptococcus virus Cp7, Staphylococcus virus 44AHJD, Streptococcus virus C1, Bacillus virus B103, Bacillus virus GA1, Bacillus virus phi29, Kurthia virus 6, Actinomyces virus Av1, Mycoplasma virus P1, Escherichia virus 24B, Escherichia virus 933W, Escherichia virus Min27, Escherichia virus PA28, Escherichia virus Stx2 II, Shigella virus 7502Stx, Shigella virus POCJ13, Escherichia virus 191, Escherichia virus PA2, Escherichia virus TL2011, Shigella virus VASD, Burkholderia virus Bcep22, Burkholderia virus Bcepi102, Burkholderia virus Bcepmig1, Burkholderia virus DC 1, Bordetella virus BPP1, Burkholderia virus BcepC6B, Cellulophaga virus Cba41, Cellulophaga virus Cbal72, Dinoroseobacter virus DFL12, Erwinia virus Ea9-2, Erwinia virus Frozen, Escherichia virus phiV10, Salmonella virus Epsilon15, Salmonella virus SPN1S, Pseudomonas virus F116, Pseudomonas virus H66, Escherichia virus APEC5, Escherichia virus APEC7, Escherichia virus Bp4, Escherichia virus EClUPM, Escherichia virus ECBP1, Escherichia virus G7C, Escherichia virus IME11, Shigella virus Sbl, Achromobacter virus Axp3, Achromobacter virus JWAlpha, Edwardsiella virus KF1, Pseudomonas virus KPP25, Pseudomonas virus R18, Pseudomonas virus Ab09, Pseudomonas virus LIT1, Pseudomonas virus PA26, Pseudomonas virus Ab22, Pseudomonas virus CHU, Pseudomonas virus LUZ24, Pseudomonas virus PAA2, Pseudomonas virus PaP3, Pseudomonas virus PaP4, Pseudomonas virus TL, Pseudomonas virus KPP21, Pseudomonas virus LUZ7, Escherichia virus N4, Salmonella virus 9NA, Salmonella virus SP069, Salmonella virus BTP1, Salmonella virus HK620, Salmonella virus P22, Salmonella virus ST64T, Shigella virus Sf6, Bacillus virus Page, Bacillus virus Palmer, Bacillus virus Pascal, Bacillus virus Pony, Bacillus virus Pookie, Escherichia virus 172-1, Escherichia virus ECB2, Escherichia virus NJ01, Escherichia virus phiEco32, Escherichia virus Septima11, Escherichia virus SU10, Brucella virus Pr, Brucella virus Tb, Escherichia virus Pollock, Salmonella virus FSL SP-058, Salmonella virus FSL SP-076, Helicobacter virus 1961P, Helicobacter virus KHP30, Helicobacter virus KHP40, Hamiltonella virus APSE1, Lactococcus virus KSY1, Phormidium virus WMP3, Phormidium virus WMP4, Pseudomonas virus 119X, Roseobacter virus SIO1, Vibrio virus VpV262, Vibrio virus VC8, Vibrio virus VP2, Vibrio virus VP5, Streptomyces virus Amela, Streptomyces virus phiCAM, Streptomyces virus Aaronocolus, Streptomyces virus Caliburn, Streptomyces virus Danzina, Streptomyces virus Hydra, Streptomyces virus Izzy, Streptomyces virus Lannister, Streptomyces virus Lika, Streptomyces virus Sujidade, Streptomyces virus Zemlya, Streptomyces virus ELB20, Streptomyces virus R4, Streptomyces virus phiHau3, Mycobacterium virus Acadian, Mycobacterium virus Baee, Mycobacterium virus Reprobate, Mycobacterium virus Adawi, Mycobacterium virus Banel, Mycobacterium virus BrownCNA, Mycobacterium virus Chrisnmich, Mycobacterium virus Cooper, Mycobacterium virus JAMaL, Mycobacterium virus Nigel, Mycobacterium virus Stinger, Mycobacterium virus Vincenzo, Mycobacterium virus Zemanar, Mycobacterium virus Apizium, Mycobacterium virus Manad, Mycobacterium virus Oline, Mycobacterium virus Osmaximus, Mycobacterium virus Pg1, Mycobacterium virus Soto, Mycobacterium virus Suffolk, Mycobacterium virus Athena, Mycobacterium virus Bernardo, Mycobacterium virus Gadjet, Mycobacterium virus Pipefish, Mycobacterium virus Godines, Mycobacterium virus Rosebush, Mycobacterium virus Babsiella, Mycobacterium virus Brujita, Mycobacterium virus Che9c, Mycobacterium virus Sbash, Mycobacterium virus Hawkeye, Mycobacterium virus Plot, Salmonella virus AG11, Salmonella virus Ent1, Salmonella virus f18SE, Salmonella virus Jersey, Salmonella virus L13, Salmonella virus LSPA1, Salmonella virus SE2, Salmonella virus SETP3, Salmonella virus SETP7, Salmonella virus SETP13, Salmonella virus SP101, Salmonella virus SS3e, Salmonella virus wks13, Escherichia virus K1G, Escherichia virus K1H, Escherichia virus K1ind1, Escherichia virus K1ind2, Salmonella virus SP31, Leuconostoc virus Lmd1, Leuconostoc virus LNO3, Leuconostoc virus LN04, Leuconostoc virus LN12, Leuconostoc virus LN6B, Leuconostoc virus P793, Leuconostoc virus 1A4, Leuconostoc virus Ln8, Leuconostoc virus Ln9, Leuconostoc virus LN25, Leuconostoc virus LN34, Leuconostoc virus LNTR3, Mycobacterium virus Bongo, Mycobacterium virus Rey, Mycobacterium virus Butters, Mycobacterium virus Michelle, Mycobacterium virus Charlie, Mycobacterium virus Pipsqueaks, Mycobacterium virus Xeno, Mycobacterium virus Panchino, Mycobacterium virus Phrann, Mycobacterium virus Redi, Mycobacterium virus Skinnyp, Gordonia virus BaxterFox, Gordonia virus Yeezy, Gordonia virus Kita, Gordonia virus Zirinka, Gorrdonia virus Nymphadora, Mycobacterium virus Bignuz, Mycobacterium virus Brusacoram, Mycobacterium virus Donovan, Mycobacterium virus Fishburne, Mycobacterium virus Jebeks, Mycobacterium virus Malithi, Mycobacterium virus Phayonce, Enterobacter virus F20, Klebsiella virus 1513, Klebsiella virus KLPN1, Klebsiella virus KP36, Klebsiella virus PKP126, Klebsiella virus Sushi, Escherichia virus AHP42, Escherichia virus AHS24, Escherichia virus AKS96, Escherichia virus C119, Escherichia virus E41c, Escherichia virus Eb49, Escherichia virus Jk06, Escherichia virus KP26, Escherichia virus Roguel, Escherichia virus ACGM12, Escherichia virus Rtp, Escherichia virus ADB2, Escherichia virus JMPW1, Escherichia virus JMPW2, Escherichia virus T1, Shigella virus PSf2, Shigella virus Shfl1, Citrobacter virus Stevie, Escherichia virus TLS, Salmonella virus SP126, Cronobacter virus Esp2949-1, Pseudomonas virus Abl8, Pseudomonas virus Abl9, Pseudomonas virus PaMx11, Arthrobacter virus Amigo, Propionibacterium virus Anatole, Propionibacterium virus B3, Bacillus virus Andromeda, Bacillus virus Blastoid, Bacillus virus Curly, Bacillus virus Eoghan, Bacillus virus Finn, Bacillus virus Glittering, Bacillus virus Riggi, Bacillus virus Taylor, Gordonia virus Attis, Mycobacterium virus Barnyard, Mycobacterium virus Konstantine, Mycobacterium virus Predator, Mycobacterium virus Bernal13, Staphylococcus virus 13, Staphylococcus virus 77, Staphylococcus virus 108PVL, Mycobacterium virus Bron, Mycobacterium virus Faith1, Mycobacterium virus Joedirt, Mycobacterium virus Rumpelstiltskin, Lactococcus virus bTL67, Lactococcus virus c2, Lactobacillus virus c5, Lactobacillus virus Ld3, Lactobacillus virus Ld17, Lactobacillus virus Ld25A, Lactobacillus virus LLKu, Lactobacillus virus phiLdb, Cellulophaga virus Cbal21, Cellulophaga virus Cbal71, Cellulophaga virus Cbal81, Cellulophaga virus ST, Bacillus virus 250, Bacillus virus IEBH, Mycobacterium virus Ardmore, Mycobacterium virus Avani, Mycobacterium virus Boomer, Mycobacterium virus Che8, Mycobacterium virus Che9d, Mycobacterium virus Deadp, Mycobacterium virus Dlane, Mycobacterium virus Dorothy, Mycobacterium virus Dotproduct, Mycobacterium virus Drago, Mycobacterium virus Fruitloop, Mycobacterium virus Gumbie, Mycobacterium virus Ibhubesi, Mycobacterium virus Llij, Mycobacterium virus Mozy, Mycobacterium virus Mutaformal3, Mycobacterium virus Pacc40, Mycobacterium virus PMC, Mycobacterium virus Ramsey, Mycobacterium virus Rockyhorror, Mycobacterium virus SG4, Mycobacterium virus Shaunal, Mycobacterium virus Shilan, Mycobacterium virus Spartacus, Mycobacterium virus Taj, Mycobacterium virus Tweety, Mycobacterium virus Wee, Mycobacterium virus Yoshi, Salmonella virus Chi, Salmonella virus FSLSP030, Salmonella virus FSLSP088, Salmonella virus iEPS5, Salmonella virus SPN19, Mycobacterium virus 244, Mycobacterium virus Bask21, Mycobacterium virus CJW1, Mycobacterium virus Eureka, Mycobacterium virus Kostya, Mycobacterium virus Porky, Mycobacterium virus Pumpkin, Mycobacterium virus Sirduracell, Mycobacterium virus Toto, Mycobacterium virus Corndog, Mycobacterium virus Firecracker, Rhodobacter virus RcCronus, Pseudomonas virus D3112, Pseudomonas virus DMS3, Pseudomonas virus FHA0480, Pseudomonas virus LPB1, Pseudomonas virus MP22, Pseudomonas virus MP29, Pseudomonas virus MP38, Pseudomonas virus PA1KOR, Pseudomonas virus D3, Pseudomonas virus PMG1, Arthrobacter virus Decurro, Gordonia virus Demosthenes, Gordonia virus Katyusha, Gordonia virus Kvothe, Propionibacterium virus B22, Propionibacterium virus Doucette, Propionibacterium virus E6, Propionibacterium virus G4, Burkholderia virus phi6442, Burkholderia virus phi1026b, Burkholderia virus phiE125, Edwardsiella virus eiAU, Mycobacterium virus Ff47, Mycobacterium virus Muddy, Mycobacterium virus Gaia, Mycobacterium virus Giles, Arthrobacter virus Captnmurica, Arthrobacter virus Gordon, Gordonia virus GordTnk2, Paenibacillus virus Harrison, Escherichia virus EK99P1, Escherichia virus HK578, Escherichia virus JL1, Escherichia virus SSL2009a, Escherichia virus YD2008s, Shigella virus EP23, Sodalis virus SO1, Escherichia virus HK022, Escherichia virus HK75, Escherichia virus HK97, Escherichia virus HK106, Escherichia virus HK446, Escherichia virus HK542, Escherichia virus HK544, Escherichia virus HK633, Escherichia virus mEp234, Escherichia virus mEp235, Escherichia virus mEpX1, Escherichia virus mEpX2, Escherichia virus mEp043, Escherichia virus mEp213, Escherichia virus mEp237, Escherichia virus mEp390, Escherichia virus mEp460, Escherichia virus mEp505, Escherichia virus mEp506, Brevibacillus virus Jenst, Achromobacter virus 83-24, Achromobacter virus JWX, Arthrobacter virus Kellezzio, Arthrobacter virus Kitkat, Arthrobacter virus Bennie, Arthrobacter virus DrRobert, Arthrobacter virus Glenn, Arthrobacter virus HunterDalle, Arthrobacter virus Joann, Arthrobacter virus Korra, Arthrobacter virus Preamble, Arthrobacter virus Pumancara, Arthrobacter virus Wayne, Mycobacterium virus Alma, Mycobacterium virus Arturo, Mycobacterium virus Astro, Mycobacterium virus Backyardigan, Mycobacterium virus BBPiebs31, Mycobacterium virus Benedict, Mycobacterium virus Bethlehem, Mycobacterium virus Billknuckles, Mycobacterium virus Bruns, Mycobacterium virus Bxb1, Mycobacterium virus Bxz2, Mycobacterium virus Che12, Mycobacterium virus Cuco, Mycobacterium virus D29, Mycobacterium virus Doom, Mycobacterium virus Ericb, Mycobacterium virus Euphoria, Mycobacterium virus George, Mycobacterium virus Gladiator, Mycobacterium virus Goose, Mycobacterium virus Hammer, Mycobacterium virus Heldan, Mycobacterium virus Jasper, Mycobacterium virus JC27, Mycobacterium virus Jeffabunny, Mycobacterium virus JHC117, Mycobacterium virus KBG, Mycobacterium virus Kssjeb, Mycobacterium virus Kugel, Mycobacterium virus L5, Mycobacterium virus Lesedi, Mycobacterium virus LHTSCC, Mycobacterium virus lockley, Mycobacterium virus Marcell, Mycobacterium virus Microwolf, Mycobacterium virus Mrgordo, Mycobacterium virus Museum, Mycobacterium virus Nepal, Mycobacterium virus Packman, Mycobacterium virus Peaches, Mycobacterium virus Perseus, Mycobacterium virus Pukovnik, Mycobacterium virus Rebeuca, Mycobacterium virus Redrock, Mycobacterium virus Ridgecb, Mycobacterium virus Rockstar, Mycobacterium virus Saintus, Mycobacterium virus Skipole, Mycobacterium virus Solon, Mycobacterium virus Switzer, Mycobacterium virus SWU1, Mycobacterium virus Tal7a, Mycobacterium virus Tiger, Mycobacterium virus Timshel, Mycobacterium virus Trixie, Mycobacterium virus Turbido, Mycobacterium virus Twister, Mycobacterium virus U2, Mycobacterium virus Violet, Mycobacterium virus Wonder, Escherichia virus DE3, Escherichia virus HK629, Escherichia virus HK630, Escherichia virus Lambda, Arthrobacter virus Laroye, Mycobacterium virus Halo, Mycobacterium virus Liefie, Mycobacterium virus Marvin, Mycobacterium virus Mosmoris, Arthrobacter virus Circum, Arthrobacter virus Mudcat, Escherichia virus N15, Escherichia virus 9 g, Escherichia virus JenK1, Escherichia virus JenP1, Escherichia virus JenP2, Pseudomonas virus NP1, Pseudomonas virus PaMx25, Mycobacterium virus Baka, Mycobacterium virus Courthouse, Mycobacterium virus Littlee, Mycobacterium virus Omega, Mycobacterium virus Optimus, Mycobacterium virus Thibault, Polaribacter virus P12002L, Polaribacter virus P12002S, Nonlabens virus P12024L, Nonlabens virus P12024S, Thermus virus P23-45, Thermus virus P74-26, Listeria virus LP26, Listeria virus LP37, Listeria virus LP110, Listeria virus LP114, Listeria virus P70, Propionibacterium virus ATCC29399BC, Propionibacterium virus ATCC29399BT, Propionibacterium virus Attacne, Propionibacterium virus Keiki, Propionibacterium virus Kubed, Propionibacterium virus Lauchelly, Propionibacterium virus MrAK, Propionibacterium virus Ouroboros, Propionibacterium virus P91, Propionibacterium virus P105, Propionibacterium virus P144, Propionibacterium virus P1001, Propionibacterium virus P1.1, Propionibacterium virus P100A, Propionibacterium virus P100D, Propionibacterium virus P101A, Propionibacterium virus P104A, Propionibacterium virus PA6, Propionibacterium virus Pacnes201215, Propionibacterium virus PAD20, Propionibacterium virus PAS50, Propionibacterium virus PHL009M11, Propionibacterium virus PHL025M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL037M02, Propionibacterium virus PHL041M10, Propionibacterium virus PHL060L00, Propionibacterium virus PHL067M01, Propionibacterium virus PHL070N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL071N05, Propionibacterium virus PHL082M03, Propionibacterium virus PHL092M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL095N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL111M01, Propionibacterium virus PHL112N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL113M01, Propionibacterium virus PHL114L00, Propionibacterium virus PHL116M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL117M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL117M01, Propionibacterium virus PHL132N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL141N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL151M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL151N00, Propionibacterium virus PHL152M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL163M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL171M01, Propionibacterium virus PHL179M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL194M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL199M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL301M00, Propionibacterium virus PHL308M00, Propionibacterium virus Pirate, Propionibacterium virus Procrass1, Propionibacterium virus SKKY, Propionibacterium virus Solid, Propionibacterium virus Stormborn, Propionibacterium virus Wizzo, Pseudomonas virus PaMx28, Pseudomonas virus PaMx74, Mycobacterium virus Patience, Mycobacterium virus PBI1, Rhodococcus virus Pepy6, Rhodococcus virus Poco6, Propionibacterium virus PFR1, Streptomyces virus phiBT1, Streptomyces virus phiC31, Streptomyces virus TG1, Caulobacter virus Karma, Caulobacter virus Magneto, Caulobacter virus phiCbK, Caulobacter virus Rogue, Caulobacter virus Swift, Staphylococcus virus 11, Staphylococcus virus 29, Staphylococcus virus 37, Staphylococcus virus 53, Staphylococcus virus 55, Staphylococcus virus 69, Staphylococcus virus 71, Staphylococcus virus 80, Staphylococcus virus 85, Staphylococcus virus 88, Staphylococcus virus 92, Staphylococcus virus 96, Staphylococcus virus 187, Staphylococcus virus 52a, Staphylococcus virus 80alpha, Staphylococcus virus CNPH82, Staphylococcus virus EW, Staphylococcus virus IPLA5, Staphylococcus virus IPLA7, Staphylococcus virus IPLA88, Staphylococcus virus PHi5, Staphylococcus virus phiETA, Staphylococcus virus phiETA2, Staphylococcus virus phiETA3, Staphylococcus virus phiMRl1, Staphylococcus virus phiMR25, Staphylococcus virus phiNM1, Staphylococcus virus phiNM2, Staphylococcus virus phiNM4, Staphylococcus virus SAP26, Staphylococcus virus X2, Enterococcus virus FL1, Enterococcus virus FL2, Enterococcus virus FL3, Lactobacillus virus ATCC8014, Lactobacillus virus phiJL1, Pediococcus virus cIP1, Aeromonas virus pIS4A, Listeria virus LP302, Listeria virus PSA, Methanobacterium virus psiM1, Roseobacter virus RDJL1, Roseobacter virus RDJL2, Rhodococcus virus RER2, Enterococcus virus BC611, Enterococcus virus IMEEF1, Enterococcus virus SAP6, Enterococcus virus VD13, Streptococcus virus SPQS1, Mycobacterium virus Papyrus, Mycobacterium virus Send513, Burkholderia virus KL1, Pseudomonas virus 73, Pseudomonas virus Ab26, Pseudomonas virus Kakheti25, Escherichia virus Cajan, Escherichia virus Seurat, Staphylococcus virus SEP9, Staphylococcus virus Sextaec, Streptococcus virus 858, Streptococcus virus 2972, Streptococcus virus ALQ132, Streptococcus virus 01205, Streptococcus virus Sfi11, Streptococcus virus 7201, Streptococcus virus DT1, Streptococcus virus phiAbc2, Streptococcus virus Sfi19, Streptococcus virus Sfi21, Paenibacillus virus Diva, Paenibacillus virus Hb10c2, Paenibacillus virus Rani, Paenibacillus virus Shelly, Paenibacillus virus Sitara, Paenibacillus virus Willow, Lactococcus virus 712, Lactococcus virus ASCC191, Lactococcus virus ASCC273, Lactococcus virus ASCC281, Lactococcus virus ASCC465, Lactococcus virus ASCC532, Lactococcus virus Bibb29, Lactococcus virus bL 170, Lactococcus virus CB13, Lactococcus virus CB14, Lactococcus virus CB19, Lactococcus virus CB20, Lactococcus virus jj50, Lactococcus virus P2, Lactococcus virus P008, Lactococcus virus sk1, Lactococcus virus S14, Bacillus virus Slash, Bacillus virus Stahl, Bacillus virus Staley, Bacillus virus Stills, Gordonia virus Bachita, Gordonia virus ClubL, Gordonia virus OneUp, Gordonia virus Smoothie, Gordonia virus Soups, Bacillus virus SPbeta, Vibrio virus MAR10, Vibrio virus SSP002, Escherichia virus AKFV33, Escherichia virus BF23, Escherichia virus DT57C, Escherichia virus EPS7, Escherichia virus FFH1, Escherichia virus H8, Escherichia virus slur09, Escherichia virus T5, Salmonella virus 118970sal2, Salmonella virus Shivani, Salmonella virus SPC35, Salmonella virus Stitch, Arthrobacter virus Tank, Tsukamurella virus TIN2, Tsukamurella virus TIN3, Tsukamurella virus TIN4, Rhodobacter virus RcSpartan, Rhodobacter virus RcTitan, Mycobacterium virus Anaya, Mycobacterium virus Angelica, Mycobacterium virus Crimd, Mycobacterium virus Fionnbarth, Mycobacterium virus Jaws, Mycobacterium virus Larva, Mycobacterium virus Macncheese, Mycobacterium virus Pixie, Mycobacterium virus TM4, Bacillus virus BMBtp2, Bacillus virus TP21, Geobacillus virus Tp84, Staphylococcus virus 47, Staphylococcus virus 3a, Staphylococcus virus 42e, Staphylococcus virus IPLA35, Staphylococcus virus phil2, Staphylococcus virus phiSLT, Mycobacterium virus 32HC, Rhodococcus virus RGL3, Paenibacillus virus Vegas, Gordonia virus Vendetta, Bacillus virus Wbeta, Mycobacterium virus Wildcat, Gordonia virus Twister6, Gordonia virus Wizard, Gordonia virus Hotorobo, Gordonia virus Monty, Gordonia virus Woes, Xanthomonas virus CP1, Xanthomonas virus OP1, Xanthomonas virus phil7, Xanthomonas virus Xop4l 1, Xanthomonas virus Xp10, Streptomyces virus TP1604, Streptomyces virus YDN12, Alphaproteobacteria virus phiJl001, Pseudomonas virus LKO4, Pseudomonas virus M6, Pseudomonas virus MP1412, Pseudomonas virus PAE1, Pseudomonas virus Yua, Pseudoalteromonas virus PM2, Pseudomonas virus phi6, Pseudomonas virus phi8, Pseudomonas virus phil2, Pseudomonas virus phil3, Pseudomonas virus phi2954, Pseudomonas virus phiNN, Pseudomonas virus phiYY, Vibrio virus fs1, Vibrio virus VGJ, Ralstonia virus RS603, Ralstonia virus RSM1, Ralstonia virus RSM3, Escherichia virus M13, Escherichia virus I22, Salmonella virus IKe, Acholeplasma virus L51, Vibrio virus fs2, Vibrio virus VFJ, Escherichia virus If1, Propionibacterium virus B5, Pseudomonas virus Pf1, Pseudomonas virus Pf3, Ralstonia virus PE226, Ralstonia virus RSS1, Spiroplasma virus SVTS2, Stenotrophomonas virus PSH1, Stenotrophomonas virus SMA6, Stenotrophomonas virus SMA7, Stenotrophomonas virus SMA9, Vibrio virus CTXphi, Vibrio virus KSF1, Vibrio virus VCY, Vibrio virus Vf33, Vibrio virus VfO3K6, Xanthomonas virus Cf1c, Spiroplasma virus C74, Spiroplasma virus R8A2B, Spiroplasma virus SkV1CR23x, Escherichia virus FI, Escherichia virus Qbeta, Escherichia virus BZ13, Escherichia virus MS2, Escherichia virus alpha3, Escherichia virus ID21, Escherichia virus ID32, Escherichia virus ID62, Escherichia virus NC28, Escherichia virus NC29, Escherichia virus NC35, Escherichia virus phiK, Escherichia virus Stl, Escherichia virus WA45, Escherichia virus G4, Escherichia virus ID52, Escherichia virus Talmos, Escherichia virus phiX174, Bdellovibrio virus MAC1, Bdellovibrio virus MH2K, Chlamydia virus Chp1, Chlamydia virus Chp2, Chlamydia virus CPAR39, Chlamydia virus CPG1, Spiroplasma virus SpV4, Acholeplasma virus L2, Pseudomonas virus PR4, Pseudomonas virus PRD1, Bacillus virus AP50, Bacillus virus Bam35, Bacillus virus GIL16, Bacillus virus Wip1, Escherichia virus phi80, Escherichia virus RB42, Escherichia virus T2, Escherichia virus T3, Escherichia virus T6, Escherichia virus VT2-Sa, Escherichia virus VT1-Sakai, Escherichia virus VT2-Sakai, Escherichia virus CP-933V, Escherichia virus P27, Escherichia virus Stx2phi-I, Escherichia virus Stx1phi, Escherichia virus Stx2phi-II, Escherichia virus CP-1639, based on the Escherichia virus BP-4795, Escherichia virus 86, Escherichia virus Min27, Escherichia virus 2851, Escherichia virus 1717, Escherichia virus YYZ-2008, Escherichia virus EC026_P06, Escherichia virus ECO103_P15, Escherichia virus ECO103_P12, Escherichia virus ECO111_P16, Escherichia virus ECO111_P11, Escherichia virus VT2phi_272, Escherichia virus TL-2011c, Escherichia virus P13374, Escherichia virus Sp5.

In one embodiment, the bacteriophage derived particles target E coli and include the capsid of a bacteriophage selected in the group consisting of BW73, B278, D6, D108, E, E1, E24, E41, FI-2, FI-4, FI-5, HI8A, Ff18B, i, MM, Mu, 025, PhI-5, Pk, PSP3, P1, P1D, P2, P4, S1, Wφ, φK13, φ1, φ2, φ7, φ92, 7 A, 8φ, 9φ, 18, 28-1, 186, 299, HH-Escherichia (2), AB48, CM, C4, C16, DD-VI, E4, E7, E28, FI1, FI3, H, H1, H3, H8, K3, M, N, ND-2, ND-3, ND4, ND-5, ND6, ND-7, Ox-I, Ox-2, Ox-3, Ox-4, Ox-5, Ox-6, PhI-I, RB42, RB43, RB49, RB69, S, Sal-I, Sal-2, Sal-3, Sal-4, Sal-5, Sal-6, TC23, TC45, TuII*-6, TuIP-24, TuII*46, TuIP-60, T2, T4, T6, T35, α1, 1, IA, 3, 3A, 3T+, 5φ, 9266Q, CFO103, HK620, J, K, K1F, m59, no. A, no. E, no. 3, no. 9, N4, sd, T3, T7, WPK, W31, ΔH, φC3888, φK3, φK7, φK12, φV-1, Φ04-CF, Φ05, Φ06, Φ07, φ1, φ1.2, φ20, φ95, φ263, φ1O92, φ1, φ11, Ω8, 1, 3, 7, 8, 26, 27, 28-2, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 42, 933W, NN-Escherichia (1), Esc-7-11, AC30, CVX-5, C1, DDUP, EC1, EC2, E21, E29, F1, F26S, F27S, Hi, HK022, HK97, HK139, HK253, HK256, K7, ND-I, PA-2, q, S2, T1, ), T3C, T5, UC-I, w, β4, γ2, λ, ΦD326, φγ, Φ06, Φ7, φ10, φ80, χ, 2, 4, 4A, 6, 8A, 102, 150, 168, 174, 3000, AC6, AC7, AC28, AC43, AC50, AC57, AC81, AC95, HK243, K10, ZG/3A, 5, 5A, 21EL, H19-J and 933H.

Origin of Replication

Origins of replication known in the art have been identified from species-specific plasmid DNAs (e.g. CoIE1, R1, pT181, pSC101, pMB1, R6K, RK2, p15a and the like), from bacterial virus (e.g. φX174, M13, F1 and P4) and from bacterial chromosomal origins of replication (e.g. oriC).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid payload, for example a plasmid, comprises a bacterial origin of replication that is functional in the targeted bacteria.

Alternatively, the nucleic acid payload, for example a plasmid, does not comprise a functional bacterial origin of replication or contains an origin of replication that is inactive in the targeted bacteria. Thus, the nucleic acid payload cannot replicate by itself once it has been introduced into a bacterium by the bacterial virus particle.

In one embodiment, the origin of replication on the nucleic acid payload, for example a plasmid, to be packaged is inactive in the targeted bacteria, meaning that this origin of replication is not functional in the bacteria targeted by the bacterial virus particles, thus preventing unwanted payload replication.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid payload, for example a plasmid, comprises a bacterial origin of replication that is functional in the bacteria used for the production of the bacterial virus particles.

Bacteria-Specific Origins of Replication

Plasmid replication depends on host enzymes and on plasmid-controlled cis and trans determinants. For example, some plasmids have determinants that are recognized in almost all gram-negative bacteria and act correctly in each host during replication initiation and regulation. Other plasmids possess this ability only in some bacteria (Kues, U and Stahl, U 1989 Microbiol Rev 53:491-516).

Plasmids are replicated by three general mechanisms, namely theta type, strand displacement, and rolling circle (reviewed by Del Solar et al. 1998 Microhio and Molec Biol. Rev 62:434-464) that start at the origin of replication. This replication origin contains sites that are required for interactions of plasmid and/or host encoded proteins.

Origins of replication used on the nucleic acid payload, for example a plasmid, may be moderate copy number, such as ColE1 ori from pBR322 (15-20 copies per cell) or the R6K plasmid (15-20 copies per cell) or may be high copy number, e.g. pUC oris (500-700 copies per cell), pGEM oris (300-400 copies per cell), pTZ oris (>1000 copies per cell) or pBluescript oris (300-500 copies per cell).

In one embodiment, the bacterial origin of replication is selected in the group consisting of ColE1, pMB1 and variants (pBR322, pET, pUC, etc), p15a, ColA, ColE2, pOSAK, pSC101, R6K, IncW (pSa etc), IncFII, pT181, P1, F IncP, IncC, IncJ, IncN, IncP1, IncP4, IncQ, IncH11, RSF1010, CloDF13, NTP16, R1, f5, pPS10, pC194, pE194, BBR1, pBC1, pEP2, pWVO1, pLF1311, pAP1, pWKS1, pLS1, pLS11, pUB6060, pJD4, pIJ101, pSN22, pAMbeta1, pIP501, pIP407, ZM6100(Sa), pCU1, RA3, pMOL98, RK2/RP4/RP1/R68, pB10, R300B, pRO1614, pRO1600, pECB2, pCM1, pFA3, RepFIA, RepFIB, RepFIC, pYVE439-80, R387, phasyl, RA1, TF-FC2, pMV158 and pUB113.

In an embodiment, the bacterial origin of replication is a E. coli origin of replication selected in the group consisting of ColE1, pMB1 and variants (pBR322, pET, pUC, etc), p15a, ColA, ColE2, pOSAK, pSC101, R6K, IncW (pSa etc), IncFII, pT181, P1, F IncP, IncC, IncJ, IncN, IncP1, IncP4, IncQ, IncH11, RSF1010, CloDF13, NTP16, R1, f5, pPS10.

In an embodiment, the bacterial origin of replication is selected in the group consisting of pC194, pE194, BBR1, pBC1, pEP2, pWVO1, pLF1311, pAP1, pWKS1, pLS1, pLS11, pUB6060, pJD4, pIJ101, pSN22, pAMbeta1, pIP501, pIP407, ZM6100(Sa), pCU1, RA3, pMOL98, RK2/RP4/RP1/R68, pB10, R300B, pRO1614, pRO1600, pECB2, pCM1, pFA3, RepFIA, RepFIB, RepFIC, pYVE439-80, R387, phasyl, RA1, TF-FC2, pMV158 and pUB113.

In a particular embodiment, the bacterial origin of replication are ColE1 and p15a.

In one embodiment, the bacterial origin of replication is functional in Propionibacterium and Cutibacterium more specifically in Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Cutibacterium acnes and is selected from the group consisting of pLME108, pLME106, p545, pRGO1, pZGX01, pPG01, pYS1, FRJS12-3, FRJS25-1, pIPLE-HL096PA1, A_15_1_R1.

Phage Origins of Replication

The payload may comprise a phage replication origin which can initiate, with complementation of a complete phage genome, the replication of the payload for later encapsulation into the different capsids.

A phage origin can also be engineered to act as a bacterial origin of replication without the need to package any phage particles.

A phage origin of replication comprised in the payload can be any origin of replication found in a phage.

In an embodiment, the phage origin of replication can be the wild-type or non-wildtype sequence of the M13, f1, φX174, P4, Lambda, P2, 186, Lambda-like, HK022, mEP237, HK97, HK629, HK630, mEP043, mEP213, mEP234, mEP390, mEP460, mEPx1, mEPx2, phi80, mEP234, T2, T4, T5, T7, RB49, phiX174, R17, PRD1 P1-like, P2-like, P22, P22-like, N15 and N15-like bacteriophages.

In an embodiment, the phage origin of replication is selected in the group consisting of phage origins of replication of M13, f1, φX174, P4, and Lambda.

In a particular embodiment, the phage origin of replication is the P4 origin of replication.

In a particular embodiment, the phage origin of replication is from Propionibacterium phages: BW-like phages such as Doucette, B22, E6, G4, BV-like phages such as Anatole, E1,B3, BX-like phages such as PFR1 and PFR2, filamentous B5 phage, BU-like phages (Cutibacterium acnes phages).

The bacteria targeted by the bacteriophage derived particles can be any bacteria present in a mammal organism, a plant or in the environment. It can be any commensal, symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria of the microbiota or microbiome.

A microbiome may comprise of a variety of endogenous bacterial species, any of which may be targeted in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the genus and/or species of targeted endogenous bacterial cells may depend on the type of bacteriophages being used for preparing the bacterial virus particles. For example, some bacteriophages exhibit tropism for, or preferentially target, specific host species of bacteria. Other bacteriophages do not exhibit such tropism and may be used to target a number of different genus and/or species of endogenous bacterial cells.

Examples of bacterial cells include, without limitation, cells from bacteria of the genus: Yersinia spp., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Bordetella spp., Neisseria spp., Aeromonas spp., Francisella spp., Corynebacterium spp., Citrobacter spp., Chlamydia spp., Hemophilus spp., Brucella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Legionella spp., Rhodococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Helicobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp., Erysipelothrix spp., Salmonella spp., Streptomyces spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Brevibacterium spp., Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Actinobacillus spp., Selnomonas spp., Shigella spp., Zymonas spp., Mycoplasma spp., Treponema spp., Leuconostoc spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Pyrococcus spp., Serratia spp., Morganella spp., Parvimonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., Actinomyces spp., Porphyromonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp., Chlamydophila spp., Cutibacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., Gardnerella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Haemophilus spp., Leptospira spp., Listeria spp., Mycoplasma spp., Nocardia spp., Rickettsia spp., Ureaplasma spp., Lactobacillus spp., Faecalibacterium spp., Ruminococcus spp. and a mixture thereof.

Thus, bacteriophage derived particles may target (e.g., specifically target) a bacterial cell from any one or more of the foregoing genera of bacteria to specifically deliver the payload as described herein.

In an embodiment, the targeted bacteria can be selected from the group consisting of Yersinia spp., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Helicobacter spp., Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Listeria spp., Cutibacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas spp. and Gardnerella spp.

In some embodiments, bacterial cells are anaerobic bacterial cells (e.g., cells that do not require oxygen for growth). Anaerobic bacterial cells include facultative anaerobic cells such as but not limited to Escherichia coli, Shewanella oneidensi, Gardnerella vaginalis and Listeria. Anaerobic bacterial cells also include obligate anaerobic cells such as, for example, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Cutibacterium, Propionibacterium, Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas species. In humans, anaerobic bacteria are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. In some particular embodiments, the targeted bacteria are thus bacteria most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteriophages used for preparing the bacterial virus particles, and then the bacterial virus particles, may target (e.g., to specifically target) anaerobic bacterial cells according to their specific spectra known by the person skilled in the art to specifically deliver the plasmid.

In some embodiments, the targeted bacterial cells are selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium coccoides, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Streptococcus agalactiae, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc lactis, Actinobacillus actinobycetemcomitans, cyanobacteria, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Selnomonas ruminatium, Shigella sonnei, Zymomonas mobilis, Mycoplasma mycoides, Treponema denticola, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphilococcus lugdunensis, Leuconostoc oenos, Corynebacterium xerosis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus popillae, Synechocystis strain PCC6803, Bacillus liquefaciens, Pyrococcus abyssi, Selenomonas nominantium, Lactobacillus hilgardii, Streptococcus ferus, Lactobacillus pentosus, Bacteroides fragilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptomyces phaechromogenes, Streptomyces ghanaenis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescens, Actinomyces israelii, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus megaterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Bacillus anthracis, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella Quintana, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia recurrentis, Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Enterococcus faecium, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenza, Legionella pneumophila, Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira santarosai, Leptospira weilii, Leptospira noguchii, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Nocardia asteroids, Rickettsia rickettsia, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus viridans, Treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Actinobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aerigunosa, and a mixture thereof, preferably the bacteria of interest are selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter aerogenes, and a mixture thereof.

In some embodiments, the targeted bacterial cells are selected from the group consisting of Anaerotruncus, Acetanaerobacterium, Acetitomaculum, Acetivibrio, Anaerococcus, Anaerofilum, Anaerosinus, Anaerostipes, Anaerovorax, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Capracoccus, Dehalobacter, Dialister, Dorea, Enterococcus, Ethanoligenens, Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium, Gracilibacter, Guggenheimella, Hespellia, Lachnobacterium, Lachnospira, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Megamonas, Moryella, Mitsuokella, Oribacterium, Oxobacter, Papillibacter, Proprionispira, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Pseudoramibacter, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Sarcina, Seinonella, Shuttleworthia, Sporobacter, Sporobacterium, Streptococcus, Subdoligranulum, Syntrophococcus, Thermobacillus, Turibacter, Weisella, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Treponema, Phascolarctobacterium, Megasphaera, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Sutterella, and Prevotella.

In other embodiments, the targeted bacteria cells are selected from the group consisting of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Acidaminococcus intestini, Acidaminococcus sp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Actinobacillus capsulatus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces neuii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces radingae, Adlercreutzia equohfaciens, Aeromicrobium massiliense, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Akkermansia muciniphila, Aliagarivorans marinus, Alistipes finegoldii, Alistipes indistinctus, Alistipes inops, Alistipes onderdonkii, Alistipes putredinis, Alistipes senegalensis, Alistipes shahii, Alistipes timonensis, Alloscardovia omnicolens, Anaerobacter polyendosporus, Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Anaerococcus prevotii, Anaerococcus senegalensis, Anaerofustis stercorihominis, Anaerostipes caccae, Anaerostipes hadrus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus massilioanorexius, Bacillus massiliosenegalensis, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus smithii, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus timonensis, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides acidifaciens, Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, Bacteroides clarus, Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides coprophilus, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides faecis, Bacteroides finegoldii, Bacteroides fluxus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gallinarum, Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides nordii, Bacteroides oleiciplenus, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pectinophilus, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides salanitronis, Bacteroides salyersiae, Bacteroides sp., Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides pectinophilus ATCC, Barnesiella intestinihominis, Bavariicoccus seileri, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium angulatum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium gallicum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium stercoris, Bilophila wadsworthia, Blautia faecis, Blautia hansenii, Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Blautia luti, Blautia obeum, Blautia producta, Blautia wexlerae, Brachymonas chironomi, Brevibacterium senegalense, Bryantella formatexigens, butyrate-producing bacterium, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Butyricimonas virosa, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Caldicoprobacter faecalis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter upsaliensis, Catenibacterium mitsuokai, Cedecea davisae, Cellulomonas massiliensis, Cetobacterium somerae, Citrobacter braakii, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter pasteurii, Citrobacter sp., Citrobacter youngae, Cloacibacillus evryensis, Clostridiales bacterium, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium asparagiforme, Clostridium bartlettii, Clostridium boliviensis, Clostridium bolteae, Clostridium hathewayi, Clostridium hiranonis, Clostridium hylemonae, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium methylpentosum, Clostridium nexile, Clostridium orbiscindens, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium sp, Clostridium sp., Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium symbiosum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Collinsella intestinalis, Collinsella stercoris, Collinsella tanakaei, Coprobacillus cateniformis, Coprobacter fastidiosus, Coprococcus catus, Coprococcus comes, Coprococcus eutactus, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Cutibacterium acnes, Dermabacter hominis, Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis, Desulfovibrio piger, Dialister succinatiphilus, Dielma fastidiosa, Dorea formicigenerans, Dorea longicatena, Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides, Dysgonomonas gadei, Dysgonomonas mossii, Edwardsiella tarda, Eggerthella lenta, Eisenbergiella tayi, Enorma massiliensis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter massiliensis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus flavescens, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus sp., Enterovibrio nigricans, Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, Escherichia coli, Escherichia sp., Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium dolichum, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium limosum, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium siraeum, Eubacterium ventriosum, Exiguobacterium marinum, Exiguobacterium undae, Faecalibacterium cf, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Faecalitalea cylindroides, Ferrimonas balearica, Finegoldia magna, Flavobacterium daejeonense, Flavonifractor plautii, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Fusobacterium sp., Fusobacterium ulcerans, Fusobacterium varium, Gallibacterium anatis, Gemmiger formicilis, Gordonibacter pamelaeae, Hafnia alvei, Helicobacter bilis, Helicobacter bills, Helicobacter canadensis, Helicobacter canis, Helicobacter cinaedi, Helicobacter macacae, Helicobacter pametensis, Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter rodentium, Helicobacter winghamensis, Herbaspirillum massiliense, Holdemanella biformis, Holdemania fdiformis, Holdemania fhformis, Holdemania massiliensis, Holdemaniafiliformis, Hungatella hathewayi, Intestinibacter bartlettii, Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kurthia massiliensis, Lachnospira pectinoschiza, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus antri, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus intestinalis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus ultunensis, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua, Mannheimia granulomatis, Marvinbryantia formatexigens, Megamonas funiformis, Megamonas hypermegale, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter smithiiFl, Micrococcus luteus, Microvirgula aerodenitrificans, Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Mitsuokella multacida, Mollicutes bacterium, Murimonas intestini, Neisseria macacae, Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus, Oceanobacillus massiliensis, Odoribacter laneus, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Oxalobacter formigenes, Paenibacillus barengoltzii, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, Paenibacillus lautus, Paenibacillus motobuensis, Paenibacillus senegalensis, Paenisporosarcina quisquiliarum, Parabacteroides distasonis, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Parabacteroides gordonii, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Parabacteroides merdae, Paraprevotella xylaniphila, Parasutterella excrementihominis, Parvimonas micra, Pediococcus acidilactici, Peptoclostridium difficile, Peptoniphilus harei, Peptoniphilus obesi, Peptoniphilus senegalensis, Peptoniphilus timonensis, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas uenonis, Prevotella baroniae, Prevotella bivia, Prevotella copri, Prevotella dentalis, Prevotella micans, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, Prevotella oralis, Prevotella salivae, Prevotella stercorea, Prevotella veroralis, Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium avidum, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus penneri ATCC, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia rustigianii, Providencia stuartii, Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas luteola, Ralstonia pickettii, Rheinheimera perlucida, Rheinheimera texasensis, Riemerella columbina, Romboutsia lituseburensis, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus bicirculans, Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus callidus, Ruminococcus champanellensis, Ruminococcus faecis, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus obeum, Ruminococcus sp, Ruminococcus sp., Ruminococcus torques, Sarcina ventriculi, Sellimonas intestinalis, Senegalimassilia anaerobia, Shigella sonnei, Slackia piriformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus nepalensis, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus xylosus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus australis, Streptococcus caballi, Streptococcus castoreus, Streptococcus didelphis, Streptococcus equinus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus henryi, Streptococcus hyovaginalis, Streptococcus infantarius, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Streptococcus merionis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus ovis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus plurextorum, Streptococcus porci, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Streptomyces albus, Subdoligranulum variabile, Succinatimonas hippei, Sutterella parvirubra, Sutterella wadsworthensis, Terrisporobacter glycolicus, Terrisporobacter mayombei, Thalassobacillus devorans, Timonella senegalensis, Turicibacter sanguinis, unknown sp, unknown sp., Varibaculum cambriense, Veillonella atypica, Veillonella dispar, Veillonella parvula, Vibrio cincinnatiensis, Virgibacillus salexigens, Weissella paramesenteroides, and Weissella paramesenteroides ATCC.

In other embodiments, the targeted bacteria cells are those commonly found on the skin microbiota and are preferably selected from the group consisting of Acetobacter farinalis, Acetobacter malorum, Acetobacter orleanensis, Acetobacter sicerae, Achromobacter anxifer, Achromobacter denitrificans, Achromobacter marplatensis, Achromobacter spanius, Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans, Acidovorax konjaci, Acidovorax radicis, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Actinomadura citrea, Actinomadura coerulea, Actinomadura fibrosa, Actinomadura fulvescens, Actinomadura jiaoheensis, Actinomadura luteofluorescens, Actinomadura mexicana, Actinomadura nitritigenes, Actinomadura verrucosospora, Actinomadura yumaensis, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomycetospora atypica Actinomycetospora corticicola, Actinomycetospora rhizophila, Actinomycetospora rishiriensis, Aeromonas australiensis, Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas bivalvium, Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas eucrenophila, Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, Aeromonas piscicola, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas rivui, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. smithia, Amaricoccus kaplicensis, Amaricoccus veronensis, Aminobacter aganoensis, Aminobacter ciceronei, Aminobacter lissarensis, Aminobacter niigataensis, Ancylobacter polymorphus, Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis, Aquamicrobium aerolatum, Archangium gephyra, Archangium gephyra, Archangium minus, Archangium violaceum, Arthrobacter viscosus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus australimaris, Bacillus drentensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus vallismortis, Bosea thiooxidans, Bradyrhizobium huanghuaihaiense, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Brevundimonas aurantiaca, Brevundimonas intermedia, Burkholderia aspalathi, Burkholderia choica, Burkholderia cordobensis, Burkholderia diffusa, Burkholderia insulsa, Burkholderia rhynchosiae, Burkholderia terrestris, Burkholderia udeis, Buttiauxella gaviniae, Caenimonas terrae, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Chitinophaga dinghuensis, Chryseobacterium gleum, Chryseobacterium greenlandense, Chryseobacterium jejuense, Chryseobacterium piscium, Chryseobacterium sediminis, Chryseobacterium tructae, Chryseobacterium ureilyticum, Chryseobacterium vietnamense, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. lipophilum, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium sundsvallense, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus nantongensis, Cupriavidus necator, Cupriavidus pampae, Cupriavidus yeoncheonensis, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Devosia epidermidihirudinis, Devosia riboflavina, Devosia riboflavina, Diaphorobacter oryzae, Dietzia psychralcaliphila, Ensifer adhaerens, Ensifer americanus, Enterococcus malodoratus, Enterococcus pseudoavium, Enterococcus viikkiensis, Enterococcus xiangfangensis, Erwinia rhapontici, Falsirhodobacter halotolerans, Flavobacterium araucananum, Flavobacterium frigidimaris, Gluconobacter frateurii, Gluconobacter thailandicus, Gordonia alkanivorans, Halomonas aquamarina, Halomonas axialensis, Halomonas meridiana, Halomonas olivaria, Halomonas songnenensis, Halomonas variabilis, Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum, Herbaspirillum frisingense, Herbaspirillum hiltneri, Herbaspirillum huttiense subsp. putei, Herbaspirillum lusitanum, Herminiimonas fonticola, Hydrogenophaga intermedia, Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava, Klebsiella oxytoca, Kosakonia sacchari, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis, Lactobacillus xiangfangensis, Lechevalieria roselyniae, Lentzea albida, Lentzea calforniensis, Leuconostoc carnosum, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum subsp. gasicomitatum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. suionicum, Luteimonas aestuarii, Lysobacter antibioticus, Lysobacter koreensis, Lysobacter oryzae, Magnetospirillum moscoviense, Marinomonas alcarazii, Marinomonas primoryensis, Massilia aurea, Massilia jejuensis, Massilia kyonggiensis, Massilia timonae, Mesorhizobium acaciae, Mesorhizobium qingshengii, Mesorhizobium shonense, Methylobacterium haplocladii, Methylobacterium platani, Methylobacterium pseudosasicola, Methylobacterium zatmanii, Microbacterium oxydans, Micromonospora chaiyaphumensis, Micromonospora chalcea, Micromonospora citrea, Micromonospora coxensis, Micromonospora echinofusca, Micromonospora halophytica, Micromonospora kangleipakensis, Micromonospora maritima, Micromonospora nigra, Micromonospora purpureochromogenes, Micromonospora rhizosphaerae, Micromonospora saelicesensis, Microvirga subterranea, Microvirga zambiensis, Mycobacterium alvei, Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum, Mycobacterium colombiense, Mycobacterium conceptionense, Mycobacterium conceptionense, Mycobacteriumfarcinogenes, Mycobacteriumfortuitum subsp. fortuitum, Mycobacterium goodii, Mycobacterium insubricum, Mycobacterium llatzerense, Mycobacterium neoaurum Mycobacterium neworleansense, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium peregrinum, Mycobacterium saopaulense, Mycobacterium septicum, Mycobacterium setense, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Neisseria subflava, Nocardia lijiangensis, Nocardia thailandica, Novosphingobium barchaimii, Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum, Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum, Novosphingobium mathurense, Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense, Oxalicibacterium solurbis, Paraburkholderia glathei, Paraburkholderia humi, Paraburkholderia phenazinium, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans, Paraburkholderia sordidicola, Paraburkholderia terricola, Paraburkholderia xenovorans, Paracoccus laeviglucosivorans, Patulibacter ginsengiterrae, Polymorphospora rubra, Porphyrobacter colymbi, Prevotella jejuni, Prevotella melaninogenica Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rustigianii, Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Pseudoalteromonas paragorgicola, Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas asuensis, Pseudomonas benzenivorans, Pseudomonas cannabina, Pseudomonas cissicola, Pseudomonas congelans, Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas ficuserectae, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pseudomonas graminis, Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas kunmingensis, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas mucidolens, Pseudomonas panacis, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas poae, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas reinekei, Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Pseudomonas seleniipraecipitans, Pseudomonas umsongensis, Pseudomonas zhaodongensis, Pseudonocardia alaniniphila, Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans, Pseudonocardia autotrophica, Pseudonocardia kongjuensis, Pseudonocardia yunnanensis, Pseudorhodoferax soli, Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis, Pseudoxanthomonas indica, Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis, Psychrobacter aquaticus, Psychrobacter arcticus, Psychrobacter celer, Psychrobacter marincola, Psychrobacter nivimaris, Psychrobacter okhotskensis, Psychrobacter okhotskensis, Psychrobacter piscatorii, Psychrobacter pulmonis, Ramlibacter ginsenosidimutans Rheinheimera japonica, Rheinheimera muenzenbergensis, Rheinheimera soli, Rheinheimera tangshanensis, Rheinheimera texasensis, Rheinheimera tilapiae, Rhizobium alamii, Rhizobium azibense, Rhizobium binae, Rhizobium daejeonense, Rhizobium endophyticum, Rhizobium etli, Rhizobium fabae, Rhizobium freirei, Rhizobium gallicum, Rhizobium loessense, Rhizobium sophoriradicis, Rhizobium taibaishanense, Rhizobium vallis, Rhizobium vignae, Rhizobium vignae, Rhizobium yanglingense, Rhodococcus baikonurensis, Rhodococcus enclensis, Rhodoferax saidenbachensis, Rickettsia canadensis, Rickettsia heilongjiangensis, Rickettsia honei, Rickettsia raoultii, Roseateles aquatilis, Roseateles aquatilis, Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae, Serratia ficaria, Serratia myotis, Serratia vespertilionis, Shewanella aestuarii, Shewanella decolorationis, Sphingobium amiense, Sphingobium baderi, Sphingobium barthaii, Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, Sphingobium cupriresistens, Sphingobium czechense, Sphingobium fuliginis, Sphingobium indicum, Sphingobium indicum, Sphingobium japonicum, Sphingobium lactosutens, Sphingomonas dokdonensis, Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis, Sphingopyxis chilensis, Sphingopyxis fribergensis, Sphingopyxis granu/i, Sphingopyxis indica, Sphingopyxis witflariensis, Staphylococcus agnetis, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus nepalensis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis, Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. carnaticus, Streptomyces caeruleatus, Streptomyces canarius, Streptomyces capoamus, Streptomyces ciscaucasicus, Streptomyces griseorubiginosus, Streptomyces olivaceoviridis, Streptomyces panaciradicis, Streptomyces phaeopurpureus, Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae, Streptomyces resistomycificus, Tianweitania sediminis, Tsukamurella paurometabola, Variovorax guangxiensis, Vogesella alkaliphila, Xanthomonas arboricola, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas cassavae, Xanthomonas cucurbitae, Xanthomonas cynarae, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas fragariae, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans, Xanthomonas pisi, Xanthomonas populi, Xanthomonas vasicola, Xenophilus aerolatus, Yersinia nurmii, Abiotrophia defectiva, Acidocella aminolytica, Acinetobacter guangdongensis, Acinetobacter parvus, Acinetobacter radioresistens, Acinetobacter soli, Acinetobacter variabilis, Actinomyces cardiffensis, Actinomyces dentalis, Actinomyces europaeus, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces graevenitzii, Actinomyces haliotis, Actinomyces johnsonii, Actinomyces massiliensis, Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces neuii subsp. anitratus, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces oris, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomycetospora corticicola, Actinotignum schaalii, Aerococcus christensenii, Aerococcus urinae, Aeromicrobium flavum, Aeromicrobium massiliense, Aeromicrobium tamlense, Aeromonas sharmana, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter segnis, Agrococcus baldri, Albibacter methylovorans, Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis, Algoriphagus ratkowskyi, Alkalibacterium olivapovliticus, Alkalibacterium pelagium, Alkalibacterium pelagium, Alloprevotella rava, Alsobacter metallidurans, Amaricoccus kaplicensis, Amaricoccus veronensis, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Anaerococcus murdochii, Anaerococcus octavius, Anaerococcus prevotii, Anaerococcus vaginalis, Aquabacterium citratiphilum, Aquabacterium olei, Aquabacterium olei, Aquabacterium parvum, Aquincola tertiaricarbonis, Arcobacter venerupis, Arsenicicoccus bolidensis, Arthrobacter russicus, Asticcacaulis excentricus, Atopobium deltae, Atopobium parvulum, Atopobium rimae, Atopobium vaginae, Aureimonas altamirensis, Aureimonas rubiginis, Azospira oryzae, Azospirillum oryzae, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus drentensis, Bacillus fastidiosus, Bacillus lehensis, Bacillus oceanisediminis, Bacillus rhizosphaerae, Bacteriovorax stolpii, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides unformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Bdellovibrio exovorus, Belnapia moabensis, Belnapia soli, Blautia hansenii, Blautia obeum, Blautia wexlerae, Bosea lathyri, Brachybacterium fresconis, Brachybacterium muris, Brevibacterium ammoniilyticum, Brevibacterium casei, Brevibacterium epidermidis, Brevibacterium iodinum, Brevibacterium luteolum, Brevibacterium paucivorans, Brevibacterium pityocampae, Brevibacterium sanguinis, Brevundimonas albigilva, Brevundimonas diminuta, Brevundimonas vancanneytii, Caenimonas terrae, Calidifontibacter indicus, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter hominis, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Campylobacter ureolyticus, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Capnocytophaga leadbetteri, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Cardiobacterium hominis, Cardiobacterium valvarum, Carnobacterium divergens, Catonella morbi, Caulobacter henricii, Cavicella subterranea, Cellulomonas xylanilytica, Cellvibrio vulgaris, Chitinimonas taiwanensis, Chryseobacterium arachidis, Chryseobacterium daecheongense, Chryseobacterium formosense, Chryseobacterium formosense, Chryseobacterium greenlandense, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Chryseobacterium piscium, Chryseobacterium rigui, Chryseobacterium solani, Chryseobacterium taklimakanense, Chryseobacterium ureilyticum, Chryseobacterium ureilyticum, Chryseobacterium zeae, Chryseomicrobium aureum, Cloacibacterium haliotis, Cloacibacterium normanense, Cloacibacterium normanense, Collinsella aerofaciens, Comamonas denitrificans, Comamonas terrigena, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. lipophilum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium aurimucosum, Corynebacterium aurimucosum, Corynebacterium coyleae, Corynebacterium durum, Corynebacterium freiburgense, Corynebacterium glaucum, Corynebacterium glyciniphilum, Corynebacterium imitans, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum, Corynebacterium massiliense, Corynebacterium mastitidis, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium mucifaciens, Corynebacterium mustelae, Corynebacterium mycetoides, Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens, Corynebacterium simulans, Corynebacterium singulare, Corynebacterium sputi, Corynebacterium suicordis, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans, Corynebacterium variabile, Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. caeruleus, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Curtobacterium herbarum, Dechloromonas agitata, Deinococcus actinosclerus, Deinococcus antarcticus, Deinococcus caeni, Deinococcus ficus, Deinococcus geothermalis, Deinococcus radiodurans, Deinococcus wulumuqiensis, Deinococcus xinjiangensis, Dermabacter hominis, Dermabacter vaginalis, Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis, Desemzia incerta, Desertibacter roseus, Dialister invisus, Dialister micraerophilus, Dialister propionicifaciens, Dietzia aurantiaca, Dietzia cercidiphylli, Dietzia timorensis, Dietzia timorensis, Dokdonella koreensis, Dokdonella koreensis, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Eikenella corrodens, Elizabethkingia miricola, Elstera litoralis, Empedobacter brevis, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Enterococcus aquimarinus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus olivae, Erwinia rhapontici, Eubacterium eligens, Eubacterium infirmum, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium sulci, Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Facklamia tabacinasalis, Falsirhodobacter halotolerans, Finegoldia magna, Flavobacterium cutihirudinis, Flavobacterium lindanitolerans, Flavobacterium resistens, Friedmanniella capsulata, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, Gemella haemolysans, Gemella morbillorum, Gemella palaticanis, Gemella sanguinis, Gemmobacter aquaticus, Gemmobacter caeni, Gordonia jinhuaensis, Gordonia kroppenstedtii, Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, Granulicatella adiacens, Granulicatella elegans, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus sputorum, Halomonas sulfidaeris, Herpetosiphon aurantiacus, Hydrocarboniphaga effusa, Idiomarina maris, Janibacter anophelis, Janibacter hoylei, Janibacter indicus, Janibacter limosus, Janibacter melonis, Jeotgalicoccus halophilus, Jonquetella anthropi, Kaistia geumhonensis, Kingella denitrificans, Kingella oralis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Knoellia aerolata, Knoellia locipacati, Kocuria atrinae, Kocuria carniphila, Kocuria kristinae, Kocuria palustris, Kocuria turfanensis, Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum, Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus piscium, Lapillicoccus jejuensis, Lautropia mirabilis, Legionella beliardensis, Leptotrichia buccalis, Leptotrichia goodfellowii, Leptotrichia hofstadii, Leptotrichia hongkongensis, Leptotrichia shahii, Leptotrichia trevisanii, Leptotrichia wadei, Luteimonas terricola, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Lysobacter spongiicola, Lysobacter xinjiangensis, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Marmoricola pocheonensis, Marmoricola scoriae, Massilia alkalitolerans, Massilia alkalitolerans, Massilia aurea, Massilia plicata, Massilia timonae, Megamonas rupellensis, Meiothermus silvanus, Methylobacterium dankookense, Methylobacterium goesingense, Methylobacterium goesingense, Methylobacterium isbiliense, Methylobacterium jeotgali, Methylobacterium oxalidis, Methylobacterium platani, Methylobacterium pseudosasicola, Methyloversatilis universalis, Microbacterium foliorum, Microbacterium hydrothermale, Microbacterium hydrothermale, Microbacterium lacticum, Microbacterium lacticum, Microbacterium laevanformans, Microbacterium paludicola, Microbacterium petrolearium, Microbacterium phyllosphaerae, Microbacterium resistens, Micrococcus antarcticus, Micrococcus cohnii, Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus lylae, Micrococcus terreus, Microlunatus aurantiacus, Micropruina glycogenica, Microvirga aerilata, Microvirga aerilata, Microvirga subterranea, Microvirga vignae, Microvirga zambiensis, Microvirgula aerodenitrificans, Mogibacterium timidum, Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Morganella morganii subsp. morganii, Morganella psychrotolerans, Murdochiella asaccharolytica, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacterium crocinum, Mycobacterium gadium, Mycobacterium holsaticum, Mycobacterium iranicum, Mycobacterium longobardum, Mycobacterium neoaurum, Mycobacterium neoaurum, Mycobacterium obuense, Negativicoccus succinicivorans, Neisseria bacilliformis, Neisseria oralis, Neisseria sicca, Neisseria subflava, Nesterenkonia lacusekhoensis, Nesterenkonia rhizosphaerae, Nevskia persephonica, Nevskia ramosa, Niabella yanshanensis, Niveibacterium umoris, Nocardia niwae, Nocardia thailandica, Nocardioides agariphilus, Nocardioides dilutus, Nocardioides ganghwensis, Nocardioides hwasunensis, Nocardioides nanhaiensis, Nocardioides sediminis, Nosocomiicoccus ampullae, Noviherbaspirillum malthae, Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum, Novosphingobium rosa, Ochrobactrum rhizosphaerae, Olsenella uli, Ornithinimicrobium murale, Ornithinimicrobium tianjinense, Oryzobacter terrae, Ottowia beijingensis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Paenibacillus agaridevorans, Paenibacillus phoenicis, Paenibacillus xylanexedens, Paludibacterium yongneupense, Pantoea cypripedii, Parabacteroides distasonis, Paraburkholderia andropogonis, Paracoccus alcaliphilus, Paracoccus angustae, Paracoccus kocurii, Paracoccus laeviglucosivorans, Paracoccus sediminis, Paracoccus sphaerophysae, Paracoccus yeei, Parvimonas micra, Parviterribacter multiflagellatus, Patulibacter ginsengiterrae, Pedobacter aquatilis, Pedobacter ginsengisoli, Pedobacter xixiisoli, Peptococcus niger, Peptoniphilus coxii, Peptoniphilus gorbachii, Peptoniphilus harei, Peptoniphilus koenoeneniae, Peptoniphilus lacrimalis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Phascolarctobacterium faecium, Phenylobacterium haematophilum, Phenylobacterium kunshanense, Pluralibacter gergoviae, Polymorphobacter multimanifer, Porphyromonas bennonis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivicanis, Porphyromonas pasteri, Porphyromonas pogonae, Porphyromonas somerae, Povalibacter uvarum, Prevotella aurantiaca, Prevotella baroniae, Prevotella bivia, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella buccalis, Prevotella copri, Prevotella corporis, Prevotella denticola, Prevotella enoeca, Prevotella histicola, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella jejuni, Prevotella jejuni, Prevotella maculosa, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella micans, Prevotella multiformis, Prevotella nanceiensis, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oris, Prevotella oulorum, Prevotella pallens, Prevotella pleuritidis, Prevotella saccharolytica, Prevotella salivae, Prevotella shahii, Prevotella timonensis, Prevotella veroralis, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes, Propionibacterium acnes subsp. acnes, Propionibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum, Propionibacterium granulosum, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, Propionispira arcuata, Pseudokineococcus lusitanus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas chengduensis, Pseudonocardia benzenivorans, Pseudorhodoplanes sinuspersici, Psychrobacter sanguinis, Ramlibacter ginsenosidimutans, Rheinheimera aquimaris, Rhizobium alvei, Rhizobium daejeonense, Rhizobium larrymoorei, Rhizobium rhizoryzae, Rhizobium soli, Rhizobium taibaishanense, Rhizobium vignae, Rhodanobacter glycinis, Rhodobacter veldkampii, Rhodococcus enclensis, Rhodococcus fascians, Rhodococcusfascians, Rhodovarius lipocyclicus, Rivicola pingtungensis, Roseburia inulinivorans, Rosenbergiella nectarea, Roseomonas aerilata, Roseomonas aquatica, Roseomonas mucosa, Roseomonas rosea, Roseomonas vinacea, Rothia aeria, Rothia amarae, Rothia dentocariosa, Rothia endophytica, Rothia mucilaginosa, Rothia nasimurium, Rubellimicrobium mesophilum, Rubellimicrobium roseum, Rubrobacter bracarensis, Rudaea cellulosilytica, Ruminococcus gnavus, Runella zeae, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, Salinicoccus qingdaonensis, Scardovia wiggsiae, Sediminibacterium ginsengisoli, Selenomonas artemidis, Selenomonas infelix, Selenomonas noxia, Selenomonas sputigena, Shewanella aestuarii, Shuttleworthia satelles, Simonsiella muelleri, Skermanella aerolata, Skermanella stibiiresistens, Slackia exigua, Smaragdicoccus niigatensis, Sneathia sanguinegens, Solirubrobacter soli, Sphingobacterium caeni, Sphingobacterium daejeonense, Sphingobacterium hotanense, Sphingobacterium kyonggiense, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Sphingobacterium nematocida, Sphingobacterium spiritivorum, Sphingobium amiense, Sphingobium indicum, Sphingobium lactosutens, Sphingobium subterraneum, Sphingomonas abaci, Sphingomonas aestuarii, Sphingomonas canadensis, Sphingomonas daechungensis, Sphingomonas dokdonensis, Sphingomonas echinoides, Sphingomonas fonticola, Sphingomonas fonticola, Sphingomonas formosensis, Sphingomonas gei, Sphingomonas hankookensis, Sphingomonas hankookensis, Sphingomonas koreensis, Sphingomonas kyeonggiensis, Sphingomonas laterariae, Sphingomonas mucosissima, Sphingomonas oligophenolica, Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis, Sphingomonas sediminicola, Sphingomonas yantingensis, Sphingomonas yunnanensis, Sphingopyxis indica, Spirosoma rigui, Sporacetigenium mesophilum, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi, Stenotrophomonas koreensis, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oligofermentans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptomyces iconiensis, Streptomyces yanglinensis, Tabrizicola aquatica, Tahibacter caeni, Tannerella forsythia, Tepidicella xavieri, Tepidimonas fonticaldi, Terracoccus luteus, Tessaracoccus flavescens, Thermus thermophilus, Tianweitania sediminis, Tianweitania sediminis, Treponema amylovorum, Treponema denticola, Treponema lecithinolyticum, Treponema medium, Turicella otitidis, Turicibacter sanguinis, Undibacterium oligocarboniphilum, Undibacterium squillarum, Vagococcus salmoninarum, Varibaculum cambriense, Vibrio metschnikovii, Xanthobacter tagetidis, Xenophilus aerolatus, Xenophilus arseniciresistens, Yimella lutea, Zimmermannella alba, Zimmermannella bifida and Zoogloea caeni.

In other embodiments, the targeted bacteria cells are those commonly found in the vaginal microbiota and are preferably selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter antiviralis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Actinobaculum massiliense, Actinobaculum schaalii, Actinomyces europaeus, Actinomyces graevenitzii, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces neuii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomyces urogenitalis, Actinomyces viscosus, Aerococcus christensenii, Aerococcus urinae, Aerococcus viridans, Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas salmonicida, Afipia massiliensis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Algoriphagus aquatilis, Aliivibrio wodanis, Alistipes finegoldii, Alloiococcus otitis, Alloprevotella tannerae, Alloscardovia omnicolens, Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans, Ammoniphilus oxalaticus Amnibacterium kyonggiense, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Anaerococcus lactolyticus, Anaerococcus murdochii, Anaerococcus obesiensis, Anaerococcus prevotii, Anaerococcus tetradius, Anaerococcus vaginalis, Anaeroglobus geminatus, Anoxybacillus pushchinoensis, Aquabacterium parvum, Arcanobacterium phocae, Arthrobacter aurescens, Asticcacaulis excentricus, Atopobium minutum, Atopobium parvulum, Atopobium rimae, Atopobium vaginae, Avibacterium gallinarum, Bacillus acidicola, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cibi, Bacillus coahuilensis, Bacillus gaemokensis, Bacillus methanolicus, Bacillus oleronius, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus shackletonii, Bacillus sporothermodurans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus wakoensis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacteroides barnesiae, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides faecis, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides nordii, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides salyersiae, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides zoogleoformans, Barnesiella viscericola, Bhargavaea cecembensis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium logum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium scardovii, Bilophila wadsworthia, Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Blautia obeum, Blautia producta, Brachybacterium faecium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Brevibacterium mcbrellneri, Brevibacterium otitidis, Brevibacterium paucivorans, Bulleidia extructa, Burkholderiafungorum, Burkholderia phenoliruptix, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, Caldimonas taiwanensis, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter hominis, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter ureolyticus, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Cardiobacterium hominis, Catonella morbi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila abortus, Chondromyces robustus, Chryseobacterium aquaticum, Citrobacter youngae, Cloacibacterium normanense, Clostridium cavendishii, Clostridium colicanis, Clostridium jejuense, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium viride, Comamonas terrigena, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium appendicis, Corynebacterium coyleae, Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium mucifaciens Corynebacterium nuruki, Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium, Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens, Corynebacterium singulare, Corynebacterium striatum, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium xerosis, Cryobacterium psychrophilum, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Cutibacterium acnes, Cutibacterium avidum, Cytophaga xylanolytica, Deinococcus radiophilus, Delftia tsuruhatensis, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Dialister invisus, Dialister micraerophilus, Dialister pneumosintes, Dialister propionicifaciens, Dickeya chrysanthemi, Dorea longicatena, Eggerthella lenta, Eggerthia catenaformis, Eikenella corrodens, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Erwinia persicina, Erwinia rhapontici, Erwinia toletana, Escherichia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Eubacterium brachy, Eubacterium eligens, Eubacterium nodatum, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium siraeum, Eubacterium sulci, Eubacterium yurii, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Facklamia ignava, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Filifactor alocis, Finegoldia magna, Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Gemella asaccharolytica, Gemella bergeri, Gemella haemolysans, Gemella sanguinis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus thermocatenulatus, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Geobacter grbiciae, Granulicatella elegans, Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Hafnia alvei, Halomonas meridiana, Halomonas phoceae, Halomonas venusta, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Janthinobacterium lividum, Jonquetella anthropi, Klebsiella granulomatis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus coleohominis, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus kalixensis, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kimchicus, Lactobacillus kitasatonis, Lactobacillus mucosae, Lactobacillus panis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus ultunensis, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactococcus lactis, Leptotrichia buccalis, Leuconostoc carnosum, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc garlicum, Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lysinimonas kribbensis, Mageeibacillus indolicus, Maribacter orientalis, Marinomonas protea, Marinospirillum insulare, Massilia timonae, Megasphaera elsdenii, Megasphaera micronuciformis, Mesorhizobium amorphae, Methylobacterium radiotolerans, Methylotenera versatilis, Microbacterium halophilum, Micrococcus luteus, Microterricola viridarii, Mobiluncus curtisii, Mobiluncus mulieris, Mogibacterium timidum, Moorella glycerini, Moraxella osloensis, Morganella morganii, Moryella indoligenes, Murdochiella asaccharolytica, Mycoplasma alvi, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma muris, Mycoplasma salivarium, Negativicoccus succinicivorans, Neisseria flava, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria subflava, Nevskia ramosa, Nevskia soli, Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Oligella urethralis, Olsenella uli, Paenibacillus amylolyticus, Paenibacillus humicus, Paenibacillus pabuli, Paenibacillus pasadenensis, Paenibacillus pini, Paenibacillus validus, Pantoea agglomerans, Parabacteroides merdae, Paraburkholderia caryophylli, Paracoccus yeei, Parastreptomyces abscessus, Parvimonas micra, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus ethanolidurans, Pedobacter alluvionis, Pedobacter wanjuense, Pelomonas aquatica, Peptococcus niger, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, Peptoniphilus gorbachii, Peptoniphilus harei, Peptoniphilus indolicus, Peptoniphilus lacrimalis, Peptoniphilus massiliensis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus massiliae, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Photobacterium angustum, Photobacterium frigidiphilum, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas bennonis, Porphyromonas catoniae, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas somerae, Porphyromonas uenonis, Prevotella amnii, Prevotella baroniae, Prevotella bergensis, Prevotella bivia, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella buccalis, Prevotella colorans, Prevotella copri, Prevotella corporis, Prevotella dentalis, Prevotella denticola, Prevotella disiens, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella marshii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella micans, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oris, Prevotella pleuritidis, Prevotella ruminicola, Prevotella shahii, Prevotella stercorea, Prevotella timonensis, Prevotella veroralis, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas abietaniphila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas amygdali, Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas cuatrocienegasensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas lutea, Pseudomonas mucidolens, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas psychrophila, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas synxantha, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum, Rahnella aquatilis, Ralstonia pickettii, Ralstonia solanacearum, Raoultella planticola, Rhizobacter dauci, Rhizobium etli, Rhodococcus fascians, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinivorans, Rothia mucilaginosa, Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques, Sanguibacter keddieii, Sediminibacterium salmoneum, Selenomonas bovis, Serratia fonticola, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Shewanella algae, Shewanella amazonensis, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Slackia exigua, Sneathia amnii, Sneathia sanguinegens, Solobacterium moorei, Sorangium cellulosum, Sphingobium amiense, Sphingobium japonicum, Sphingobium yanoikuyae, Sphingomonas wittichii, Sporosarcina aquimarina, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus simiae, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus warneri, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Stenoxybacter acetivorans, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus australis, Streptococcus equinus, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Streptococcus marimammalium, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus phocae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Sutterella wadsworthensis, Tannerella forsythia, Terrahaemophilus aromaticivorans, Treponema denticola, Treponema maltophilum, Treponemaparvum, Treponemavincentii, Trueperella bernardiae, Turicella otitidis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Varibaculum cambriense, Variovorax paradoxus, Veillonella atypica, Veillonella dispar, Veillonella montpellierensis, Veillonella parvula, Virgibacillus proomii, Viridibacillus arenosi, Viridibacillus arvi, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Zobellia laminariae and Zoogloea ramigera.

In one embodiment, the targeted bacteria are Escherichia coli.

In one embodiment, the targeted bacteria are Cutibacterium acnes, more specifically the acne related Cutibacterium acnes from the phylogroup IA1 or RT4, RT5, RT8, RT9, RT10 or Clonal Complex (CC) CC1, CC3, CC4, more specifically the STi, ST3, ST4.

Thus, bacteriophages used for preparing the bacterial virus particles, and then the bacterial virus particles, may target (e.g., specifically target) a bacterial cell from any one or more of the foregoing genera and/or species of bacteria to specifically deliver the payload.

In one embodiment, the targeted bacteria are pathogenic bacteria. The targeted bacteria can be virulent bacteria.

The targeted bacteria can be antibacterial resistance bacteria, for example, selected from the group consisting of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli, ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii, MDR Enterobacter spp., and a combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the targeted bacteria can be selected from the group consisting of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli strains.

Alternatively, the targeted bacterium can be a bacterium of the microbiome of a given species, for example a bacterium of the human microbiota.

In one aspect, synthetic bacterial delivery vehicles with desired target host ranges are provided for use in transfer of a nucleic acid payload of interest to a target bacterial cell. The synthetic bacterial delivery vehicles may be characterized by a chimeric receptor binding protein (RBP), wherein the chimeric RBP comprises a fusion between the N-terminal domain of a RBP from a lambda-like bacteriophage, or lambda bacteriophage, and the C-terminal domain of a different RBP. It has been demonstrated that a significant portion of a lambda-like RBP, such as a stf protein, can be exchanged with a portion of a different RBP.

As used herein, a receptor binding protein or RBP is a polypeptide that recognizes, and optionally binds and/or modifies or degrades a substrate located on the bacterial outer envelope, such as, without limitation, bacterial outer membrane, LPS, capsule, protein receptor, channel, structure such as the flagellum, pili, secretion system. The substrate can be, without limitation, any carbohydrate or modified carbohydrate, any lipid or modified lipid, any protein or modified protein, any amino acid sequence, and any combination thereof.

The present disclosure also provides synthetic bacterial delivery vehicles that are characterized by the presence of an engineered branched receptor binding multi-subunit protein complex (“branched-RBP”). Such delivery vehicles may be used to transfer a nucleic acid payload of interest into a target bacterial cell. The engineered branched-RBP comprises two or more associated receptor binding proteins, derived from bacteriophages, which associate with one another based on the presence of interaction domains (IDs). The association of one subunit with another can be non-covalent or covalent. Each of the polypeptide subunits contain IDs that function as “anchors” for association of one subunit RBP with another. In specific embodiments, the branched-RBP may comprise multiple RBP subunits, including, for example, two, three, four, etc. subunits.

For disclosure of recombinant bacterial delivery vehicles, see U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 62/849,108, 62/849,112, 62/802,777, 62/771,761 and 62/783,258, each of which is incorporated herein in their entirety.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid payload” refers to any nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence, or a combination of both (such as, without limitation, peptide nucleic acid or peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate) transferred into a bacterium with a delivery vehicle. In an embodiment, the term “nucleic acid payload” refers to any nucleic acid sequence, optionally in combination with an amino acid sequence (such as, without limitation, peptide nucleic acid or peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate) transferred into a bacterium with a delivery vehicle. The nucleic acid payload is designed to encode a protein or nucleic acid of interest, for transfer into a desired target bacterial host cell. The term “nucleic acid payload” may refer to a plasmid, a vector or a cargo. The nucleic acid payload can be a phagemid or phasmid obtained from natural, evolved or engineered bacteriophage genome. The nucleic acid payload can also be composed only in part of phagemid or phasmid obtained from natural, evolved or engineered bacteriophage genome. The nucleic acid payload is, for example, a nucleic acid sequence packaged in a bacterial delivery vehicle, for example in a bacteriophage-derived capsid.

Described herein are engineered bacterial delivery vehicles, with desired target bacterial cell specificity and/or host range, comprising a nucleic acid payload having an embedded unique tracer nucleotide sequence tag. As used herein “multivalent mixture of delivery vehicles “refers to a mixture of one or more different, or dissimilar, bacterial delivery vehicles. Such bacterial delivery vehicles may differ because they possess at least one structural feature that distinguishes them from other bacterial delivery vehicles within the mixture. Such structural features include, for example, differences in bacterial cell binding capabilities and/or host range that may arise for example through differences in expressed RBPs within the delivery vehicle. A multivalent mixture thus comprises at least two distinct populations of bacterial delivery vehicles.

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprising a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles as defined herein, i.e. comprising at least two different bacterial delivery vehicles, wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer nucleic acid sequence. The pharmaceutical or veterinary composition may be prepared as a sterile solid composition that may be suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectable medium. The pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions may be administered orally in the form of a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents (for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic), bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like. The particles can also be administered orally either in liquid or solid composition form. Compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixirs, and suspensions. Forms useful for enteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions.

The bacteriophage derived particles disclosed herein may be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid vehicle such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats. The liquid vehicle can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilisers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavouring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colours, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators. Suitable examples of liquid vehicles for oral and enteral administration include water (partially containing additives as above, e.g. cellulose derivatives, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g. fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration, the vehicle can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid vehicles are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for enteral administration. The liquid vehicle for pressurized compositions can be a halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.

For transdermal administration, the pharmaceutical or veterinary composition can be formulated into ointment, cream or gel form and appropriate penetrants or detergents could be used to facilitate permeation, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide and dimethylformamide.

For transmucosal administration, nasal sprays, rectal or vaginal suppositories can be used. The active compounds can be incorporated into any of the known suppository bases by methods known in the art. Examples of such bases include cocoa butter, polyethylene glycols (carbowaxes), polyethylene sorbitan monostearate, and mixtures of these with other compatible materials to modify the melting point or dissolution rate.

The present disclosure relates to use of the disclosed pharmaceutical or veterinary composition in the treatment of a disease or disorder caused by bacteria. It also relates to a method for treating a disease or disorder caused by bacteria comprising administering to a subject having said disease or disorder in need of treatment a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition disclosed herein. It further relates to the use of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition provided herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder caused by bacteria.

In one embodiment, the disease or disorder caused by bacteria may be selected from the group consisting of skin chronic inflammation such as acne (acne vulgaris), progressive macular hypomelanosis, abdominal cramps, acute epiglottitis, arthritis, bacteraemia, bloody diarrhea, botulism, Brucellosis, brain abscess, cardiomyopathy, chancroid venereal disease, Chlamydia, Crohn's disease, conjunctivitis, cholecystitis, colorectal cancer, polyposis, dysbiosis, Lyme disease, diarrhea, diphtheria, duodenal ulcers, endocarditis, erysipelothricosis, enteric fever, fever, glomerulonephritis, gastroenteritis, gastric ulcers, Guillain-Barre syndrome tetanus, gonorrhoea, gingivitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, leptospirosis, leprosy, listeriosis, tuberculosis, Lady Widermere syndrome, Legionaire's disease, meningitis, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, multi-drug resistant bacterial carriage, myocarditis, myonecrosis-gas gangrene, Mycobacterium avium complex, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, nocardiosis, nosocomial infection, otitis, periodontitis, phalyngitis, pneumonia, peritonitis, purpuric fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, shigellosis, syphilis, sinusitis, sigmoiditis, septicaemia, subcutaneous abscesses, tularaemia, tracheobronchitis, tonsillitis, typhoid fever, ulcerative colitis, urinary infection, whooping cough, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NASH).

In another embodiment, the disease or disorder caused by bacteria is an infection caused by bacteria, for example, those selected from the group consisting of intestinal infections such as esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, sigmoiditis, rectitis, and peritonitis, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, female upper genital tract infections such as salpingitis, endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis, parametritis and infection in the pelvic peritoneum, respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, intra-amniotic infections, odontogenic infections, endodontic infections, fibrosis, meningitis, bloodstream infections, nosocomial infection such as catheter-related infections, hospital acquired pneumonia, post-partum infection, hospital acquired gastroenteritis, hospital acquired urinary tract infections, and a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the infection is caused by a bacterium presenting an antibiotic resistance. In a particular embodiment, the infection is caused by a bacterium as listed above in the targeted bacteria.

In another embodiment, the disease or disorder caused by bacteria is a metabolic disorder such as obesity and diabetes.

In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition for use in the treatment of a pathology involving bacteria of the human microbiome, such as inflammatory and auto-immune diseases, cancers, infections or brain disorders. It also provides a method for treating a pathology involving bacteria of the human microbiome comprising administering to a subject having said pathology in need of treatment a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition provided herein. It further concerns the use of such pharmaceutical or veterinary composition for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a pathology involving bacteria of the human microbiome. Indeed, some bacteria of the microbiome, without triggering any infection, can secrete molecules that will induce and/or enhance inflammatory or auto-immune diseases or cancer development. More specifically, the present disclosure relates also to modulating microbiome compositions to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies based, for example, on CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T) cells, TIL (Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes) and Tregs (Regulatory T cells) also known as suppressor T cells. Modulation of the microbiome composition to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies may also include the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors well known in the art such as, without limitation, PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) inhibitor, PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) inhibitor and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4).

Some bacteria of the microbiome can also secrete molecules that will affect the brain.

Therefore, a further object of the present disclosure is a method for controlling the microbiome of a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein in said subject.

In a particular embodiment, a method is provided for personalized treatment for an individual in need of treatment for a bacterial infection comprising: i) obtaining a biological sample from the individual and determining a group of bacterial DNA sequences from the sample; ii) based on the determining of the sequences, identifying one or more pathogenic bacterial strains or species that were in the sample; and iii) administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition provided herein capable of recognizing each pathogenic bacterial strain or species identified in the sample and to deliver the packaged payload. The disclosure further relates to and provides a) a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition for use in the treatment of a bacterial infection in an individual, or b) the use of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition for the manufacture of a medicament in the treatment of a bacterial infection in an individual, wherein, in a) or b), the preparation of the pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprises: (i) providing a biological sample from the individual and determining a group of bacterial DNA sequences from the sample; ii) based on the determining of the sequences, identifying one or more pathogenic bacterial strains or species that were in the sample; and iii) preparing a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition capable of recognizing each pathogenic bacterial strain or species identified in the sample and to deliver the packaged payload.

In an embodiment, the biological sample comprises pathological and non-pathological bacterial species, and subsequent to administering the pharmaceutical or veterinary composition disclosed herein to the individual, the amount of pathogenic bacteria on or in the individual is reduced, but the amount of non-pathogenic bacteria is not reduced.

In another particular embodiment, a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition is provided for use in order to improve the effectiveness of drugs. Indeed, some bacteria of the microbiome, without being pathogenic by themselves, are known to be able to metabolize drugs and to modify them in ineffective or harmful molecules.

In another particular embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the in-situ bacterial production of any compound of interest, including therapeutic compound such as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine for mammals. The compound of interest can be produced inside the targeted bacteria, secreted from the targeted bacteria or expressed on the surface of the targeted bacteria. In a more particular embodiment, an antigen is expressed on the surface of the targeted bacteria for prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccination.

The present disclosure also relates to a non-therapeutic use of the bacterial delivery particles. For instance, the non-therapeutic use can be a cosmetic use or a use for improving the well-being of a subject, in particular a subject who does not suffer from a disease. Accordingly, the present disclosure also relates to a cosmetic composition or a non-therapeutic composition comprising the bacteriophage derived particles provided herein.

Subject, Regimen and Administration

The subject to be treated by the compositions provided herein includes an animal, for example a mammal. In a particular embodiment the animal is a human. However, the term “subject” can also refer to non-human animals, in particular mammals such as dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, donkeys, rabbits, ferrets, gerbils, hamsters, chinchillas, rats, mice, guinea pigs and non-human primates, among others, or non-mammals such as poultry, that are in need of treatment.

The human subject may be a human at the prenatal stage, a new-born, a child, an infant, an adolescent or an adult at any age.

In an embodiment, the subject has been diagnosed with, or is at risk of developing an infection, a disorder and/or a disease due to a bacterium. Diagnostic method of such infection, disorder and/or disease are well known by one skilled in the art.

In a particular embodiment, the infection, disorder and/or disease is caused by a bacterium presenting a resistance to treatment, for example, the infection, disorder or disease is caused by a bacterium presenting an antibiotic resistance.

In a particular embodiment, the subject has never received any treatment prior to the administration of the provided delivery vehicles, for example, a payload, particularly a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example, a packaged plasmid or phagemid into a bacterial virus particle, or of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition as provided herein.

In a particular embodiment, the subject has already received at least one line of treatment. In non-limiting embodiments, the subject has already recieved two or more lines of treatment, prior to the administration of the provided delivery vehicles, for example, a payload, particularly a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example a packaged plasmid or phagemid into a bacterial virus particle, or of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition as disclosed herein.

In an embodiment, the treatment is administered regularly. In non-limiting embodiments, the treatment is administered preferably between every day and every month, more preferably between every day and every two weeks, more preferably between every day and every week, even more preferably the treatment is administered every day. In a particular embodiment, the treatment is administered several times a day, preferably 2 or 3 times a day, even more preferably 3 times a day.

In an embodiment the duration of treatment with delivery vehicles provided herein, for example a payload, particularly a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example, a packaged plasmid or phagemid into a bacterial virus particle, or with a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition, preferably comprises between 1 day and 20 weeks, more preferably between 1 day and 10 weeks, still more preferably between 1 day and 4 weeks, even more preferably between 1 day and 2 weeks. In a particular embodiment, the duration of the treatment is of about 1 week. Alternatively, the treatment may last as long as the infection, disorder and/or disease persists.

The form of the pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions, the route of administration and the dose of administration of delivery vehicles provided herein, for example of a payload, particularly of a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example a packaged plasmid or phagemid into a bacterial virus particle, or of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition can be adjusted by one skilled in the art according to the type and severity of the infection (e.g. depending on the bacteria species involved in the disease, disorder and/or infection and its localization in the patient's or subject's body), and to the patient or subject, in particular its age, weight, sex, and general physical condition.

Particularly, the amount of delivery vehicles, for example a payload, particularly a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example a packaged plasmid or phagemid into a bacterial virus particle, or of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition, to be administered will be determined by standard procedure well known by those of ordinary skills in the art. Physiological data of the patient or subject (e.g. age, size, and weight) and the routes of administration will be taken into account to determine the appropriate dosage, so as a therapeutically effective amount will be administered to the patient or subject.

For example, the total amount of delivery vehicles, particularly a payload packaged into a delivery vehicle, for example, a plasmid or phagemid packaged into a bacterial virus particle, for each administration comprises between 10⁴ and 10¹⁵ delivery vehicles.

As used herein, “tracer” refers to a nucleic acid sequence associated with, i.e., embedded, within a nucleic acid payload. The tracer acts as a bacterial delivery vehicle “identification tag” that may be used to assess the presence and/or amount of a bacterial delivery vehicle within a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. As disclosed herein, the tracer may be embedded within a non-coding region, a coding region and/or 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of a nucleic acid payload.

The tracer may be any nucleic acid sequence the detection of which is correlated with the presence of a specific bacterial delivery vehicle. Thus, in the mixture, each population of bacterial delivery vehicles comprises a distinct and unique tracer. Detection of the tracer sequences may be achieved using a variety of different detection methods well known to those of skill in the art. In a specific embodiment, the tracer sequences may act as binding sites for one or multiple primer(s) design to be used in conjunction with amplification procedures, such as PCR reactions. The tracers may be designed to include constant regions to which primers may bind for amplification of tracers within a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. In an embodiment, constant regions may be identical in all tracers of the multivalent mixture. Such constant region binding primers may be used to amplify in total all of the tracers within a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. The tracers may be designed to include variable regions to which primers may bind for amplification of tracers within a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. The variable region binding primers may be used to identify specific bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture. In one aspect, the variable regions are positioned within a barcode.

One or more rounds of amplifications may be performed for identification and/or quantification of the bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture. In specific embodiments, mixtures of different types of primers may be used in each of the amplification reactions. For example, primers that bind only to the constant regions, primers that bind only to the variable regions and/or primers that overlap the constant and the variable regions may be used. Alternatively, for amplification reactions, a primer that binds to a constant region and a primer that binds to a variable region may be used. Depending on the primers used, the amplification reaction may result in amplification in total of the mixture of tracers found within a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. Alternatively, the primers may be selected to amplify specific bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture.

In a specific embodiment, primers that bind to the tracer constant regions may be used for a first round of amplification following by a subsequent second round of amplification reactions using, for example, primers that bind to a variable region within the tracer, to further assess the presence of specific delivery vehicles within a mixture of vehicles.

As described in detail below, one or more features are to be considered in the design and of tracer sequences for use in bacterial delivery vehicle identification. Such features include, for example, primer binding site length, melting temperature and percent G/C content each of which may affect the effectiveness of, for example, an amplification reaction. Still further, the tracer should be designed so as to minimally interfere with the growth properties of the bacterial delivery vehicle packaging cell line or target bacterial cell. The tracer should minimally affect the production of the delivery vehicles within the packaging cell line. Inclusion of undesired restriction enzyme cleavage sites should be avoided. Finally, regions of homology with packaging cell DNA, target host DNA or payload DNA should be avoided in tracers as such regions of homology may act as sites for undesired homologous recombination.

In a specific aspect, a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles, for example phagemid particles, is provided that contains identical nucleic acid payloads with the exception of inclusion of a unique “tracer” nucleic acid sequence designed in such a way that all the nucleic acid payloads packaged in the same capsid have the same associated tracer and nucleic acid payloads packaged in distinct capsids have a distinct different associated tracer. The use of such tracers allows one to detect the presence and/or the relative abundance of each bacterial delivery vehicle in the multivalent mixture of delivery vehicles through cycles of amplification, and optionally sequencing. Such amplification methods include, for example, PCR, qPCR, ddPCR, LCR, FISH or NGS using primers specific for the “tracer” sequences.

In different aspects, tracer nucleic acid sequences are embedded within coding or non-coding DNA sequences, including but not limited to reporter genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance, fluorescent proteins,), tags or barcodes.

DNA barcoding, first conceptually proposed in 1982 and first practically implemented in 2003, suggested that there was a single DNA locus across all species which could be used to uniquely identify each species and, through comparison and alignment, draw a more faithful taxonomy of nature than other methods (Taylor and Harris, 2012, Mol Ecol Resour. 2012 May; 12(3):377-88). An emergent science on the brink of irrelevance: a review of the past 8 years of DNA barcoding. While no single “magic bullet” barcode was found that works for all domains of life, DNA barcodes found that work exceptionally well within certain clades, such as the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) in animals or the 16S rRNA in bacteria, have become widely adopted to empirically generate the biological taxonomy or “tree of life” and describe ecological systems (Kress et al, 2015, Trends Ecol Evol, January; 30(1):25-35; Taylor and Harris, 2012, Mol Ecol Resour. 2012 May; 12(3):377-88).

The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies in 2005 and the decreasing cost since then have led to the generalization of DNA barcoding beyond species identification: DNA barcoding is now used in various aspects of 1) genome and chromatin mapping, 2) transcriptomics/RNA-seq, 3) ribosome profiling to analyze protein translational activity, 4) protein engineering (via phage display, mRNA/ribosome display, and yeast-two-hybrid screening), 5) DNA-encoded protein libraries, 6) cell surface DNA labeling, 7) antibody-DNA conjugates, 8) DNA-encoded small molecule and cyclic peptide libraries, and even 9) nano-particle-DNA conjugates (Liszczak and Muir, 2019, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, March 22; 58(13):4144-4162).

In a specific, non-limiting embodiment, the tracer may be designed for use in a barcoding method. The “barcode” represents nucleic acid sequences, the presence of which correlates with the presence of its associated bacterial delivery vehicle. In such an instance, the “barcode” is embedded within the tracer, flanked on each side by sequences (constant regions FIG. 3 ) that may be utilized to amplify the barcode sequences (variable regions FIG. 3 ) for identification and/or quantification of the barcode, which in turn indicates the presence and quantity of a specific bacterial delivery vehicle within a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. Using such a barcoding method provides an easy convenient method for use of multiple unique tracers the presence of which correlate with the presence of a specific bacterial delivery vehicle within a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles.

In a specific embodiment, the tracer is embedded in a nucleic acid payload within a non-coding region of the DNA. As used herein a “non-coding region of the DNA” is a region comprising sequences that do not code for a protein. Such tracers are introduced into the nucleic acid payload in such a way that nucleic acid payload having the same tracer are packaged into identical bacterial delivery vehicles. Using such tracer nucleic acid sequences, including those that contain a barcode, both the presence and the relative abundance of each different bacterial delivery vehicle in the multivalent bacterial delivery mixture can be confirmed by PCR, qPCR, ddPCR, LCR, FISH or NGS using primers specific for sequences adjacent to the barcode as well as sequences within the barcode.

When designing a tracer for use in a non-coding region of a nucleic acid payload, one or more factors may be considered for design of efficient and effective tracers. In one aspect, the tracer should minimally affect the growth of the packaging cell line for use in production of the bacterial delivery vehicles or the production of said bacterial delivery vehicles. Further, the tracer should minimally affect the growth of the targeted bacterial cell.

The tracer may be designed in such a way that enables detection and quantification of theoretically any number of bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture of said vehicles. Such detection can be accomplished initially using common sites, i.e. constant regions, for example constant regions flanking a variable region (e.g. C1 and C2 in FIG. 2 ) and that serve as targets for primer binding and subsequent amplification (see FIG. 2 ). Accordingly, use of such common sites permits co-amplification of a number of different tracer nucleic sequences simultaneously. In an embodiment, the tracer sequence may also allow detection of each specific tracer sequences and thus the presence of its associated bacterial delivery vehicle through use of common primer site(s) and/or variable primer site(s) per construct: V1, V2, . . . , Vx, (see FIG. 2 ).

In preferred embodiments, the tracer may be designed to be used in conjunction with a variety of different detection methods. Such detection methods include the use of multiple amplification cycles for detection and/or quantification of the tracer thereby leading to identification and/or quantification of the two or more bacterial delivery vehicles within a multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles. Such detection methods include, for example, PCR, qPCR (dye-based/probe-based), ddPCR (dye-based/probe-based), LCR, FISH and/or NGS.

In addition, tracers to be utilized in the disclosed methods and compositions, may be designed to have limited secondary structure and optimal melting temperatures to allow for binding of the primers/probes to the tracer nucleic acid sequences when using PCR methods such as qPCR/ddPCR/LCR/FISH/NGS detection methodology.

When considering placement of the tracer within the nucleic acid payload, a position should be chosen to minimize transcriptional or translational interference with other functional elements of the nucleic acid payload. Ideally, the tracer should lack undesired restriction sites and the tracer should be designed with limited sequence homology (>20nt) with other regions of the nucleic acid payload, the packaging cell DNA, or the target bacterial host cell DNA. Such homology can act as a substrate for undesired homologous recombination events.

In a specific non-limiting embodiment, a DNA barcoding system may be used for identification of bacterial delivery vehicles (see, FIG. 2 ). The location in the DNA nucleic acid payload chosen for minimal interference with its function is the ELF5 insertion site, which is the site for the linker region of the standardized plasmid constructs. In such an embodiment, N (N=number) random nucleic acid tracers with certain structural features are generated. In preferred aspects, the length of the barcode region and constant regions may typically range in size between 25 and 50 nucleotides each. Barcode regions, as well as constant regions, should be long enough, as well as unique enough, to permit specific primer binding to allow for PCR amplification (which is a necessary step to each of the qPCR, ddPCR, and NGS methodologies) without the generation of unnecessary side amplicons. The chosen structural features, in a non-limiting example, include a tracer that is 30 nucleotides in length, where the number of barcodes generated ═N where N is 1 or greater and where the GC content is limited to between about 60% to 70%. The length of the constant regions and barcodes are, in general, determined by the melting temperatures (Tms) of the desired primers to be used and depends on the detection methodology to be used. Each generated tracer nucleic acid sequence should be examined for detection of undesired restriction sites. In addition, secondary structure, melting temperatures, and sequence homology may be determined so as to minimize secondary structure, ensure a high enough melting temperature for annealing of targeting primers to the tracer sequence, while minimizing the potential for homologous recombination, respectively. Methods for testing a particular tracer for desirable structural features are well known to those of skill in the art. Once sequences are chosen, the tracer nucleic acids, which may include barcodes, are recombinantly or chemically synthesized and cloned into their respective location within the non-coding regions of the nucleic acid payloads.

TABLE 1 List of example barcodes generated. SEQ Barcode ID number Sequence (F) NO: b1 accaaacgacactcttccggcgaatcgcgc 2 b2 agcaccccttcgcccccgtcctcgtgtgtt 3 b3 agccggaggtaggacaggtgtccgcacagg 4 b4 cgcgatgagatggattcccgaccttccgga 5 b5 cgctcgctgctcataatctgcgggtggcac 6 b6 cggcacgctgtattgtccaagcgccaagca 7 b7 ctgcggacggcggctcgcggttagcccaat 8 b8 gatgacagcggcacacggacacaagcgtca 22 b9 gtcccgtggatggctcgaagcctaaccgag 23 b10 taacacggagagccatcctcagcccgtcag 24 b11 tcctactccaccggcagccttagcgtttgg 25 b12 tgcgcgttcttagcgtgtgagcggcctcga 26

In a particular embodiment, the tracer nucleic acid sequence comprises a barcode selected from the group consisting of b1 to b12 barcodes as defined in TABLE 1.

In another aspect, the tracer nucleic acid sequence may be embedded within a coding region of the nucleic acid payload with consideration of codon usage. Of the 64 codons, three encode for stop codons and 61 encode the 20 standard amino acids. Of the 20 amino acids, only two (Met, Trp) are coded for by one unique codon, nine (Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Lys, Phe, Tyr) are coded for by two unique codons, one (Ile) is coded for by three unique codons (similarly, three unique stop codons), five (Ala, Gly, Pro, Thr, Val) are coded for by four unique codons, and three (Arg, Leu, Ser) are coded for by six unique codons. This degeneracy in 18 of the standard amino acids (in addition to stop codons) enables one to introduce codon changes into a DNA sequence such that the introduced differences in the coding sequence nevertheless encode for a protein with the identical amino acid sequence.

In one specific embodiment, a coding sequence with modified codon usage is introduced into the nucleic acid payload in such a way that all the nucleic acid payloads packaged in the same capsid have the same tracer and thus nucleic acid payloads packaged in distinct capsids have distinct tracers. In such an instance, both the presence and the relative abundance of each bacterial delivery vehicle in the multivalent mix can be confirmed by PCR, qPCR or ddPCR using primers specific for the tracer nucleic acid sequences.

For design of tracers to be embedded within protein coding regions, one or more, structural features may be considered. Such features may include those considered in the design of tracers to be inserted into non-coding regions of the nucleic acid payload. The tracer sequence to be inserted into a coding region should be designed to introduce codon changes into a protein coding region such that the introduced differences in the coding region encode for a protein with the identical amino acid sequence. The tracer should minimally affect the efficiency of protein expression or function of the protein.

In one aspect, the tracer should minimally affect the growth of the packaging bacterial cell used to produce the bacterial delivery vehicle as well as the growth of the targeted bacterial cell. Further, the tracer should minimally affect the production of the bacterial delivery vehicle within the packaging bacterial cell.

The tracer, for insertion into a coding region, may be designed in such a way that enables detection and quantification of theoretically any number of bacterial delivery vehicles within a mixture of said vehicles. Such detection can be accomplished initially using common sites, i.e. constant region, for example C1 and C2 of FIG. 3 , that serve as targets for primer binding and subsequent amplification (see FIG. 3 ). Accordingly, use of such common sites permits co-amplification of a number of different tracer nucleic sequences. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid tracer sequence may also allow detection of each specific tracer nucleic acid sequence and thus the presence of its cognate bacterial delivery vehicle through use of one common site and one variable site per construct: V1, V2, . . . , Vx, (see FIG. 3 ). Such variable sites may be utilized in initial single amplification cycles, or alternatively may be used in second round amplification cycles following the use of common sites for amplification.

Each generated tracer, for insertion into a coding region, may be examined for detection of undesired restriction sites. In addition, secondary structure, melting temperatures, and sequence homology may be assessed to minimize secondary structure, ensure a high enough melting temperature for annealing of targeting primers to the tracer sequence, while minimizing the potential for homologous recombination, respectively. Once tracer sequences are chosen, the tracer nucleic acids, which may include barcodes, may be recombinantly or chemically synthesized and cloned into their respective location within the non-coding regions of the DNA nucleic acid payloads.

In a specific non-limiting embodiment, a tracer system has been developed as follows. A tracer sequence was chosen to be inserted inside the coding DNA sequence (CDS) for the TEM-1 beta-lactamase (bla) protein, which is commonly used to confer ampicillin resistance when expressed within a cell. For design of the tracer, a coding region was chosen (X) 10 codons in length from nucleotide 118 to 147 in the bla CDS. The tracer sequence included gca-cga-gtg-ggt-tac-atc-gaa-ctg-gat-ctc (SEQ ID NO: 18); which codes for the 10 amino acids, at positions 40 to 49, ARVGYIELDL (SEQ ID NO: 19). Within a chosen coding region (X) codons encoding for (X) amino acids (or stop codons), methionine (M, Met) and Tryptophan (W, Trp) amino acids are left unchanged because these amino acids have one and only one unique codon. In the bla example, none of the amino acids within the 10 amino acid segment chosen is M or W, meaning all have the amino acids have multiple codons, which can encode for each respective amino acid. Of the remaining codons/amino acids within the region X, a register is made for each amino acid such that the entirety of the codons which encode for said amino acid is numbered and listed (as one example, Ala40: 1) GCT, 2) GCC, 3) GCA, 4) GCG, seen in FIG. 3 ) All of the combinations among each codon possibility at each of the amino acid positions within region X are then determined and listed as unique strings within an exhaustive overall list of all possible codon combinations. As an example, for the 10 amino acid region AA40-49 in the TEM-1 beta-lactamase, one possibility, in a numerical form corresponding to amino acid position 40-49, and the specific number representing each of the specific possible codons, would be {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, another would be {2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, another being {3,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, etc, representing each of the possible codons for each amino acid position, to the exhaustion of the possible unique combinations. The three above example representations would correspond to three, thirty nucleotide sequences in which only the first codon (either GCT/GCC/GCA, 1/2/3, corresponding to position AA40, Ala) would differ, whereas the subsequent 27 nucleotides would be the first possibility at each of the remaining amino acids (so, CGT/GTT/GGT/TAT/ATT/GAA/CTT/GAT/CTT (SEQ ID NO: 20) using the ordering in FIG. 4 , to represent the remaining RVGYIELDL (SEQ ID NO: 21). The exhaustive overall list of all possible codon combinations (or, sometimes, just a subset to decrease computation time) is then taken and Hamming distances are calculated between each. In the TEM-1 beta-lactamase example, each of the 10 amino acids have multiple possible codons (A=4, R=6, V=4, G=4, Y=2, I=3, E=2, L=6, D=2, L=6) and, given these, the total number of codons which can be generated is the product 4*6*4*4*2*3*2*6*2*6, or 331,776.

Once designed, 50 bp upstream and 50 bp downstream of the 30 bp barcode, as well as the barcode, is examined for the presence of undesirable restriction sites. Only those tracers that lack such restriction sites are selected for use. Additionally, the presence of any secondary structure, melting temperatures, and sequence homology is examined to minimize secondary structure, ensure a high enough melting temperature for barcode-targeting primers, and minimize potential for homologous recombination, respectively.

The number of unique codon combinations are chosen to correspond to the number of unique members of the bacterial delivery vehicle mixtures such that maximum Hamming distances (Mohammadi-Kambs M. et al, 2017, ACS Omega. 2017 Apr. 30; 2(4): 1302-1308) between each are selected/preferred (as to both allow unique identification of each member as well as attempt to minimize the possibility of cross-reactivity/detection among/between the unique members and the unique probes/primers for each) The chosen DNA barcodes are then recombinantly or chemically synthesized and cloned into their respective location within the CDS of the DNA nucleic acid payloads.

In yet another aspect, the tracer nucleic acid sequence may be embedded in a 5′ or 3′ untranslated region (UTR) DNA sequence. 5′ and 3′ UTRs are regions on each side of a protein coding sequence (the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively) that are transcribed into mRNA but not translated into a protein. In prokaryotic cells, the 5′ UTR is usually much shorter (3-10 nucleotides long) than 3′ UTRs and have more of an effect on protein expression than 3′ UTRs. The design features of tracers for embedding in a 5′ or 3′ untranslated region are similar to those used for tracers to be embedded in non-coding regions of the nucleic acid payload.

Methods are provided for detecting and quantitating bacterial delivery vehicles in a multivalent bacterial delivery vehicle mixture wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle within the mixture comprises a nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer said method comprising the step of detecting and quantitating in total or each of the bacterial delivery vehicles within the mixture through performance of cycles of amplification using primers that bind to sequences within the tracer sequences. As explained above, depending on the use of primers targeting constant and/or variable regions of the tracer, all bacterial delivery vehicles or only a part thereof can be detected and/or quantified. This method thus allows detecting and/or quantifying each population of bacterial delivery vehicles comprised in the multivalent mixture and/or all bacterial delivery vehicles comprised in said mixture. Such a mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles comprising a tracer sequence embedded within their nucleic acid payload allows one to characterize a final drug product by detecting and quantitating each of the bacterial delivery vehicles within a multivalent bacterial delivery vehicle mixture. Such methods also permit identification and tracking of bacterial delivery vehicles following administration to an organism, human and/or the animal model during safety and efficacy clinical studies (shedding, biodistribution). For example, if the presence of a particular tracer sequence is found to be associated with unwanted safety and/or biodistribution profile results, its cognate bacterial delivery vehicle can be removed from the bacterial delivery vehicle mixture, rendering the final drug product safer.

Quick high throughput screening methods for testing the activity of bacterial delivery vehicles on collections of individual bacterial strains or a mixture of bacterial strains are also provided. Such screening methods provide an efficient means for identification of desirable bacterial delivery vehicles, which are capable of transferring their nucleic acid payload into a specific target bacterial cell in an efficient manner.

Additionally, methods are provided for characterizing the ability and extent of serial bacterial delivery following administrations of different vehicles on a temporal dimension (via initial transduction with delivery vehicle 1, then allowing a certain amount of time to pass, then subsequent transduction with delivery vehicle 2).

Further additional methods are provided for characterizing off-species targeting by specific bacterial delivery vehicles from the mixture when administered to a complex microbial community such as, but not limited to, human microbiota samples, of two or more prokaryotic populations.

Additionally, methods are provided for detecting and tracking bacterial delivery vehicles after administration to an organism of multivalent mixture of bacterial delivery vehicles wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer, said method comprising the step of detecting and quantitating each of the bacterial delivery vehicles within the mixture through performance of cycles of amplification and optionally sequencing using primers that bind to sequences within the tracer. Such amplification methods include, for example, PCR, qPCR, ddPCR or NGS.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Plasmid pAK272B (SEQ ID NO: 1) was modified to include a single barcode among 7 different barcodes (SEQ ID NO: 2 to 8; termed B1, B2, B3 B4, B5, B6 and B7 in FIG. 5 ), yielding up to 7 distinguishable plasmid variants, termed pB1, pB2, pB3, pB4, pB5, pB6 and pB7. Based on absorbance at 260 nm, DNA concentration was estimated for each plasmid variant, and used to create an equimolar mixture, aiming to have 1250 copies of each plasmid variant per microliter of mixture. The absolute number of copies of each variant in the mixture was then experimentally confirmed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). To achieve this, a 20-microliter ddPCR reaction was designed with 100 nM of a primer that binds to a common region of the pAK272B plasmid backbone (SEQ ID NO: 9; termed C1 in FIG. 5 ), 100 nM of another primer that binds specifically to a single, chosen barcode (SEQ ID NO: 10 to 16; termed V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and V7 in FIG. 5 ), 8 microliters of the barcoded plasmids mixture (ie, about 500 copies of each variant per microliter of final ddPCR reaction), as well as a commercially available ddPCR mastermix containing a polymerase enzyme, dNTPs and a DNA dye (QX200 ddPCR EvaGreen Supermix). One reaction was set up for each primer pair specific to an individual barcode, for a total of 7 reactions, plus 7 negative controls where the plasmid mixture was replaced by water. The ddPCR workflow was carried out as recommended by the manufacturer. As shown in FIG. 6 , the number of each barcoded plasmid variant was measured well within the expected order of magnitude (227 copies per microliter, with about 500 copies per microliter expected, ie a 0.3 log₁₀ difference); that small difference is likely due to the absorbance method used to estimate the initial DNA concentration. Regardless of this, the copy numbers were found similar for all 7 plasmid variants, as initially intended.

Example 2

Four different barcoded versions of plasmid pAK272B were used to identify differences in in vivo delivery rate into target bacteria between variants of 4 Lambda phage-derived scaffolds. The barcoded plasmids were each packaged into one Lambda phage-derived scaffold variant, and a mixture of all 4 resulting packaged phagemids was obtained by mixing 2×10⁷ particles per microliter of each. One hundred microliter of this mixture was administered to 9 mice colonized with the target strain MG-GFP, and bacteria successfully transduced were recovered from the feces of the mice, by plating 4 μl of 10-fold serial dilutions of resuspended stool (pure to 10⁻⁵) for each animal on selective medium containing chloramphenicol (the plasmid pAK272B carries a chloramphenicol resistance gene). The entire transduced bacterial population contained within the 4-μl patch of pure stool sample was then grown in vitro in presence of chloramphenicol, and all plasmids present were purified by routine plasmid mini-preparation techniques. Absorbance at 260 nm was used to estimate total DNA concentration, and a reasonable amount of DNA was subjected to ddPCR; that amount was calculated to aim for no more than 80,000 copies per reaction, assuming all the DNA purified and detected corresponds to barcoded plasmids. One reaction was set up with the primer pair specific to each barcode, yielding a total of 4 reactions per original mouse sample. FIG. 7 shows the absolute number of each barcoded plasmid recovered from transduced bacteria, for each mouse of the experiment (M10 to M18). The clear abundance of barcode B4 for all 9 animals suggests that the Lambda phage-derived scaffold variant packaged with that specific plasmid variant was the most effective at delivering into the target bacteria in vivo. Other plasmid variants were also detected, but at lower copy numbers, indicating that the corresponding Lambda phage-derived scaffold delivered at lower efficacies in vivo. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method for detecting and/or quantitating bacterial delivery vehicles, in a multivalent bacterial delivery vehicle mixture wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer, the method comprising detecting and/or quantitating (i) each bacterial delivery vehicle and/or (ii) in total the bacterial delivery vehicles, through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind to the unique tracer sequence.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the unique tracer has a constant region to which primers can bind for initiation of an amplification reaction, and the method comprises detecting and quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the constant region of the tracer sequence.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the unique tracer further comprises variable sequences to which primers can bind for amplification and wherein said method further comprises a distinct amplification reaction or a second amplification reaction which uses primer binding to the variable sequences for an amplification method.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the unique tracer comprises a variable region to which primers can bind for amplification, and the method comprises detecting and/or quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the variable region of the tracer sequence.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with different sequence and a different tracer associated with each different payload.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracer comprises no more than 20 nucleotides homology stretch with the DNA of the bacterial production strain and/or the DNA of the target bacterial cell.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracer is selected from one or more of the groups consisting of: (i) a tracer comprising a barcode; (ii) a tracer comprising a constant region and a barcode: (iii) tracer comprising a barcode flanked on each side by a constant region (iv) a tracer containing a barcode wherein the barcode is between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long; (v) a tracer containing a constant region wherein the constant region is between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long; (vi) a tracer embedded in a non-coding region; (vii) a tracer embedded in a coding region; and (viii) a tracer embedded in a coding region wherein the tracer comprises altered codon usage while encoding a protein with an unaltered amino acid sequence.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein detection and/or quantitation of each bacterial delivery vehicle are attained through performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to the unique tracer nucleic acid sequence.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are bacteriophage derived scaffolds.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are bacteriophage derived particles composed of a DNA nucleic acid payload of interest packaged in a bacteriophage-derived capsid.
 11. A method for detecting and/or quantitating bacterial delivery vehicles in a sample derived from a subject after administration to a subject of a multivalent bacterial delivery vehicle mixture wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with a unique tracer nucleic acid sequence, the method comprising detecting and/or quantitating (i) each bacterial delivery vehicle and/or (ii) in total the bacterial delivery vehicles, in said sample, through performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to the unique tracer sequence.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the unique tracer has a constant region to which primers can bind for initiation of an amplification reaction, and the method comprises detecting and/or quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the constant region of the tracer sequence.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the unique tracer further comprises variable sequences to which primers can bind for amplification and wherein said method further comprises a distinct amplification reaction or a second amplification reaction which uses primer binding to the variable sequences for an amplification method.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the unique tracer comprises a variable region to which primers can bind for amplification, and the method comprises detecting and/or quantitating each bacterial delivery vehicle through amplification of the tracer using primers that bind within the variable region of the tracer sequence.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein each bacterial delivery vehicle comprises a nucleic acid payload with different sequence and a different tracer associated with each different payload.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the tracer comprises no more than 20 nucleotides homology stretch with the DNA of the bacterial production strain and/or the DNA of the target bacterial cell.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the tracer is selected from one or more of the groups consisting of: (i) a tracer comprising a barcode; (ii) a tracer comprising a constant region and a barcode: (iii) tracer comprising a barcode flanked on each side by a constant region (iv) a tracer containing a barcode wherein the barcode is between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long; (v) a tracer containing a constant region wherein the constant region is between 25 and 50 nucleic acids long; (vi) a tracer embedded in a non-coding region; (vii) a tracer embedded in a coding region; and (viii) a tracer embedded in a coding region wherein the tracer comprises altered codon usage while encoding a protein with an unaltered amino acid sequence.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein detection and/or quantitation of each bacterial delivery vehicle are attained through performance of multiple cycles of amplification using primers that bind to the unique tracer nucleic acid sequence.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are bacteriophage derived scaffolds.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the bacterial delivery vehicles are bacteriophage derived particles composed of a DNA nucleic acid payload of interest packaged in a bacteriophage-derived capsid. 